KUBY IMMUNOLOGY - CHAPTER 1:
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
immunity - Correct Answers -A state of protection from a particular infectious disease
attenuated - Correct Answers -To decrease the virulence of a pathogen and render it
incapable of causing disease. Many vaccines are composed of attenuated bacteria or
viruses that induce protective immunity without causing harmful infection
vaccine - Correct Answers -A preparation of immunogenic material used to induce
immunity against pathogenic organisms
herd immunity - Correct Answers -When the majority of the population is immune to an
infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to the low
chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual
generation of diversity - Correct Answers -The generation of a diverse repertoire of
antigen-binding receptors on B or T lymphocytes that occurs in the bone marrow or
thymus, respectively
B-Cell receptors - Correct Answers -Complex comprising a membrane-bound
immunoglobulin molecule and two associated signal-transducing Iga/IgB molecules.
T-cell receptors - Correct Answers -Antigen-binding molecule expressed on the surface
of T cells and associated with the CD3 molecule. TCRs are heterdimeric, consisting of
either an alpha or Beta chain or a gamma and delta chain
phagocytes - Correct Answers -Cells with the capacity to internalize and degrade
microbes of particulate antigens; neutrophils and monocytes are the main phagocytes
immunoglobulin - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical heavy chains and
two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen and
facilitates clearance of that antigen. There are 5 types: (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). Also
called antibody
antibodies - Correct Answers -Immunoglobulin proteins consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. Membrane-bound antibody is expressed by B
, cells that have not encountered antigen; secreted antibody is produced by plasma cells.
Some antibodies are multiples of the basic four-chain structure.
humoral immunity - Correct Answers -Host defenses that are mediated by antibody
present in the plasma, lymph and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria
and foreign macromolecules. Transfer of antibodies confers this type of immunity on the
recipient.
antiserum - Correct Answers -Serum from animals immunized with antigen that contains
antibodies to that antigen.
passive immunity - Correct Answers -Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the
transfer of immune products, such as antibody (antiserum) from an immune individual to
a nonimmune one.
active immunity - Correct Answers -Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural
exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination
passive immunotherapy - Correct Answers -Treatment of an infectious disease by
administration of previously generated antibodies specific for the infectious pathogen.
cell-mediated immunity - Correct Answers -Host defenses that are mediated by antigen
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer and is
responsible for graft rejection. Transfer of primed T cells confers this type of immunity
on the recipient.
lymphocyte - Correct Answers -A mononuclear leukocyte that mediates humoral or cell-
mediated immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells) - Correct Answers -A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
and expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3, CD4 or CD8
B lymphocytes (B cells) - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes that mature in the bone
marrow and express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen, they
differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
antigen - Correct Answers -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds specifically to an
antibody or a T-cell receptor; often is used as a synonym for immunogen
clonal selection - Correct Answers -The antigen-mediated activation and proliferation of
members of a clone of B cells that have receptors for the antigen (or for complexes of
MHC and peptides derived from the antigen, in the case of T cells)
pathogens - Correct Answers -A disease-causing infectious agent
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
immunity - Correct Answers -A state of protection from a particular infectious disease
attenuated - Correct Answers -To decrease the virulence of a pathogen and render it
incapable of causing disease. Many vaccines are composed of attenuated bacteria or
viruses that induce protective immunity without causing harmful infection
vaccine - Correct Answers -A preparation of immunogenic material used to induce
immunity against pathogenic organisms
herd immunity - Correct Answers -When the majority of the population is immune to an
infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to the low
chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual
generation of diversity - Correct Answers -The generation of a diverse repertoire of
antigen-binding receptors on B or T lymphocytes that occurs in the bone marrow or
thymus, respectively
B-Cell receptors - Correct Answers -Complex comprising a membrane-bound
immunoglobulin molecule and two associated signal-transducing Iga/IgB molecules.
T-cell receptors - Correct Answers -Antigen-binding molecule expressed on the surface
of T cells and associated with the CD3 molecule. TCRs are heterdimeric, consisting of
either an alpha or Beta chain or a gamma and delta chain
phagocytes - Correct Answers -Cells with the capacity to internalize and degrade
microbes of particulate antigens; neutrophils and monocytes are the main phagocytes
immunoglobulin - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical heavy chains and
two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen and
facilitates clearance of that antigen. There are 5 types: (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). Also
called antibody
antibodies - Correct Answers -Immunoglobulin proteins consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. Membrane-bound antibody is expressed by B
, cells that have not encountered antigen; secreted antibody is produced by plasma cells.
Some antibodies are multiples of the basic four-chain structure.
humoral immunity - Correct Answers -Host defenses that are mediated by antibody
present in the plasma, lymph and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria
and foreign macromolecules. Transfer of antibodies confers this type of immunity on the
recipient.
antiserum - Correct Answers -Serum from animals immunized with antigen that contains
antibodies to that antigen.
passive immunity - Correct Answers -Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the
transfer of immune products, such as antibody (antiserum) from an immune individual to
a nonimmune one.
active immunity - Correct Answers -Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural
exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination
passive immunotherapy - Correct Answers -Treatment of an infectious disease by
administration of previously generated antibodies specific for the infectious pathogen.
cell-mediated immunity - Correct Answers -Host defenses that are mediated by antigen
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer and is
responsible for graft rejection. Transfer of primed T cells confers this type of immunity
on the recipient.
lymphocyte - Correct Answers -A mononuclear leukocyte that mediates humoral or cell-
mediated immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells) - Correct Answers -A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
and expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3, CD4 or CD8
B lymphocytes (B cells) - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes that mature in the bone
marrow and express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen, they
differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
antigen - Correct Answers -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds specifically to an
antibody or a T-cell receptor; often is used as a synonym for immunogen
clonal selection - Correct Answers -The antigen-mediated activation and proliferation of
members of a clone of B cells that have receptors for the antigen (or for complexes of
MHC and peptides derived from the antigen, in the case of T cells)
pathogens - Correct Answers -A disease-causing infectious agent
