KUBY IMMUNOLOGY EXAM 1 (CH. 1-5)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is immunity? - Correct Answers -A state of protection from infectious diseases
What is the immune system? - Correct Answers -The cells and molecules that are
responsible for immunity
What is an immune response? - Correct Answers -The coordinated response to the
introduction of foreign substances.
Explain how Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur made advancements in the
development of immunity. - Correct Answers -Jenner targeted smallpox. He inoculated
an 8 year old boy with the mild disease cowpox. After he introduced smallpox and the
boy did not develop smallpox. Pasteur inoculated chickens with a weakened form of
cholera. After introducing those same chickens to the real disease, the chickens did not
become infected.
What does attenuation mean? - Correct Answers -Decrease in the virulence of a
pathogen and render it incapable of causing disease.
What is a vaccine? - Correct Answers -A preparation of immunogenic material used to
induce immunity against pathogenic organisms
What is herd immunity? - Correct Answers -When the majority of the population is
immune to an infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to
the low chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual.
What are phagocytes? - Correct Answers -Cells with the capability to internalize and
degrade microbes or particulate antigens.
What is phagocytosis? - Correct Answers -The cellular uptake of particulate materials
by engulfment
What is an immunoglobulin? - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical
heavy chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope of an
antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen. (Same as antibody)
Spleen Compartments - Correct Answers -Two types of compartments, red pulp and
white pulp, separated by a diffuse marginal zone
,Red Pulp - Correct Answers -Old and defective RBCs are destroyed and removed
White Pulp - Correct Answers -Surrounds the splenic artery branches forming
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) populated by T cells.
What is an antibody? - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope of an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. (Same as immunoglobulin)
What is the difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity? -
Correct Answers -Cell-mediated Immunity- Host defenses that are mediated by antigen-
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer.
Humoral Immunity-Host defenses that are mediated by antibody present in the plasma,
lymph, and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign
macromolecules.
What is an antiserum? - Correct Answers -Serum from animals immunized with antigen
that contains antibodies to that antigen.
What is the difference between passive and active immunity? - Correct Answers -
Passive Immunity-Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer of immune
products, such as antibody(antiserum), from an immune individual to a non-immune
one.
Active Immunity-Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural exposure to a pathogen or
by vaccination.
Does passive immunity need a competent immune system? - Correct Answers -
Competent immune system not needed
Does active immunity need a competent immune system? - Correct Answers -
Competent immune system needed
Describe the life span of passive vs active immunity and provide an example. - Correct
Answers -Passive Immunity- It is short-lived and limited, as the cells that produce these
antibodies are not being transferred. ex. Breast milk
Active Immunity- Can supply the individual with renewable, long-lived protection from
the specific infection ex. One's own immunity.
What are T lymphocytes (T cells)? - Correct Answers -A lymphocyte that matures in the
thymus and expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3 and CD4 or CD8.
What immune response are T cells associated with? - Correct Answers -Cell-mediated
immunity
What immune response are B cells associated with? - Correct Answers -Humoral
response
,What are B lymphocytes (B cells)? - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes that matures in the
bone marrow and express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen,
they differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
What is an antigen? - Correct Answers -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds
specifically to an antibody or a T cell receptor.
What is the Self vs Non-Self Theory? - Correct Answers -The theory that explains how
the immune system only attacks anything it does not recognize as self.
What is the 'danger' hypothesis? - Correct Answers -Claims that the immune responses
are triggered by 'danger' signals released by the body's own cells. According, to the
danger theory every immune response is not due to the presence of 'non-self', but to the
emission, within the organism, of 'danger signals.'
How does 'danger' hypothesis disprove the self vs non-self hypothesis? - Correct
Answers -Against the self-non-self theory, the danger theory claims that self
constituents can trigger an immune response, if they are dangerous; and non-self
constituents can be tolerated, if they are not dangerous.
What is a pathogen? - Correct Answers -A disease-causing infectious agent
What are the five major categories of human pathogens? (Describe what they are) -
Correct Answers -Viruses - Obligate intracellular pathogens
Bacteria - Intra/Extracellular Prokaryotes
Parasites - Worms/protozoans
Fungi - Eukaryotic
Cancer
What three characteristics depends on which cells and molecules become activated
during an immune response? - Correct Answers -1) Chemical structure present on the
pathogen
2) Whether it resides inside or outside of host cells
3) Location of the response
What has to be involved for the process of pathogen recognition? - Correct Answers -An
interaction between the foreign organism and a recognition molecule expressed by host
cells.
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs or Tc cells)? - Correct Answers -An effector T
cell that can mediate the lysis of target cells bearing antigenic peptides complexed with
a class 1 MHC molecule.
What are T helper cells (Th cells)? - Correct Answers -T cells that are stimulated by
antigen to provide signals that promote immune responses.
, What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)? - Correct Answers -
Molecular patterns common to pathogens but not occurring in mammals. PAMPs are
recognized by various pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)? - Correct Answers -Receptors if the
innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on
pathogens but absent in the host
Why are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) germline-encoded recognition
molecules? - Correct Answers -Provide a first line of defense for the quick detection of
many typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common invaders.
Why is the host-pathogen interactions an ongoing arms race? - Correct Answers -
Pathogens evolve to express unique structures that avoid host detection. The host
germline encoded recognition system co-evolves to match new challenges.
What triggers clonal selection? - Correct Answers -Antigens binding to the surface
receptors of B and T cells.
What is clonal selection? - Correct Answers -The antigen-mediated activation and
proliferation of B cells and T cells. The ensuing proliferation of the selected clone of
cells creates an army of cells all with the same receptor and responsible for binding
more of the same receptor and responsible for binding more of the same antigen, with
the ultimate goal of destroying the pathogen.
What are B cell receptors? - Correct Answers -Complex comprising a membrane-bound
antibody
What are T cell receptors? - Correct Answers -Antigen-binding molecule expressed on
the surface of T-cells
What is tolerance? - Correct Answers -A state of immunologic unresponsiveness to
particular antigens or sets of antigens.
What is a consequence of generating random recognition receptors? - Correct Answers
-Some could recognize and target the host.
How is tolerance utilized by the immune system? - Correct Answers -To avoid
recognizing and destroying host tissues.
What does successful maintenance of tolerance ensure? - Correct Answers -That the
host always knows the difference between self and non-self.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is immunity? - Correct Answers -A state of protection from infectious diseases
What is the immune system? - Correct Answers -The cells and molecules that are
responsible for immunity
What is an immune response? - Correct Answers -The coordinated response to the
introduction of foreign substances.
Explain how Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur made advancements in the
development of immunity. - Correct Answers -Jenner targeted smallpox. He inoculated
an 8 year old boy with the mild disease cowpox. After he introduced smallpox and the
boy did not develop smallpox. Pasteur inoculated chickens with a weakened form of
cholera. After introducing those same chickens to the real disease, the chickens did not
become infected.
What does attenuation mean? - Correct Answers -Decrease in the virulence of a
pathogen and render it incapable of causing disease.
What is a vaccine? - Correct Answers -A preparation of immunogenic material used to
induce immunity against pathogenic organisms
What is herd immunity? - Correct Answers -When the majority of the population is
immune to an infectious agent, thus significantly reducing the pathogen reservoir due to
the low chance of a susceptible individual contacting an infected individual.
What are phagocytes? - Correct Answers -Cells with the capability to internalize and
degrade microbes or particulate antigens.
What is phagocytosis? - Correct Answers -The cellular uptake of particulate materials
by engulfment
What is an immunoglobulin? - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical
heavy chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope of an
antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen. (Same as antibody)
Spleen Compartments - Correct Answers -Two types of compartments, red pulp and
white pulp, separated by a diffuse marginal zone
,Red Pulp - Correct Answers -Old and defective RBCs are destroyed and removed
White Pulp - Correct Answers -Surrounds the splenic artery branches forming
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) populated by T cells.
What is an antibody? - Correct Answers -Protein consisting of two identical heavy
chains and two identical light chains, that recognize a particular epitope of an antigen
and facilitates clearance of that antigen. (Same as immunoglobulin)
What is the difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity? -
Correct Answers -Cell-mediated Immunity- Host defenses that are mediated by antigen-
specific T cells. It protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer.
Humoral Immunity-Host defenses that are mediated by antibody present in the plasma,
lymph, and tissue fluids. It protects against extracellular bacteria and foreign
macromolecules.
What is an antiserum? - Correct Answers -Serum from animals immunized with antigen
that contains antibodies to that antigen.
What is the difference between passive and active immunity? - Correct Answers -
Passive Immunity-Temporary adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer of immune
products, such as antibody(antiserum), from an immune individual to a non-immune
one.
Active Immunity-Adaptive immunity that is induced by natural exposure to a pathogen or
by vaccination.
Does passive immunity need a competent immune system? - Correct Answers -
Competent immune system not needed
Does active immunity need a competent immune system? - Correct Answers -
Competent immune system needed
Describe the life span of passive vs active immunity and provide an example. - Correct
Answers -Passive Immunity- It is short-lived and limited, as the cells that produce these
antibodies are not being transferred. ex. Breast milk
Active Immunity- Can supply the individual with renewable, long-lived protection from
the specific infection ex. One's own immunity.
What are T lymphocytes (T cells)? - Correct Answers -A lymphocyte that matures in the
thymus and expresses a T-cell receptor, CD3 and CD4 or CD8.
What immune response are T cells associated with? - Correct Answers -Cell-mediated
immunity
What immune response are B cells associated with? - Correct Answers -Humoral
response
,What are B lymphocytes (B cells)? - Correct Answers -Lymphocytes that matures in the
bone marrow and express membrane-bound antibodies. After interacting with antigen,
they differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.
What is an antigen? - Correct Answers -Any substance (usually foreign) that binds
specifically to an antibody or a T cell receptor.
What is the Self vs Non-Self Theory? - Correct Answers -The theory that explains how
the immune system only attacks anything it does not recognize as self.
What is the 'danger' hypothesis? - Correct Answers -Claims that the immune responses
are triggered by 'danger' signals released by the body's own cells. According, to the
danger theory every immune response is not due to the presence of 'non-self', but to the
emission, within the organism, of 'danger signals.'
How does 'danger' hypothesis disprove the self vs non-self hypothesis? - Correct
Answers -Against the self-non-self theory, the danger theory claims that self
constituents can trigger an immune response, if they are dangerous; and non-self
constituents can be tolerated, if they are not dangerous.
What is a pathogen? - Correct Answers -A disease-causing infectious agent
What are the five major categories of human pathogens? (Describe what they are) -
Correct Answers -Viruses - Obligate intracellular pathogens
Bacteria - Intra/Extracellular Prokaryotes
Parasites - Worms/protozoans
Fungi - Eukaryotic
Cancer
What three characteristics depends on which cells and molecules become activated
during an immune response? - Correct Answers -1) Chemical structure present on the
pathogen
2) Whether it resides inside or outside of host cells
3) Location of the response
What has to be involved for the process of pathogen recognition? - Correct Answers -An
interaction between the foreign organism and a recognition molecule expressed by host
cells.
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs or Tc cells)? - Correct Answers -An effector T
cell that can mediate the lysis of target cells bearing antigenic peptides complexed with
a class 1 MHC molecule.
What are T helper cells (Th cells)? - Correct Answers -T cells that are stimulated by
antigen to provide signals that promote immune responses.
, What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)? - Correct Answers -
Molecular patterns common to pathogens but not occurring in mammals. PAMPs are
recognized by various pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)? - Correct Answers -Receptors if the
innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on
pathogens but absent in the host
Why are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) germline-encoded recognition
molecules? - Correct Answers -Provide a first line of defense for the quick detection of
many typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common invaders.
Why is the host-pathogen interactions an ongoing arms race? - Correct Answers -
Pathogens evolve to express unique structures that avoid host detection. The host
germline encoded recognition system co-evolves to match new challenges.
What triggers clonal selection? - Correct Answers -Antigens binding to the surface
receptors of B and T cells.
What is clonal selection? - Correct Answers -The antigen-mediated activation and
proliferation of B cells and T cells. The ensuing proliferation of the selected clone of
cells creates an army of cells all with the same receptor and responsible for binding
more of the same receptor and responsible for binding more of the same antigen, with
the ultimate goal of destroying the pathogen.
What are B cell receptors? - Correct Answers -Complex comprising a membrane-bound
antibody
What are T cell receptors? - Correct Answers -Antigen-binding molecule expressed on
the surface of T-cells
What is tolerance? - Correct Answers -A state of immunologic unresponsiveness to
particular antigens or sets of antigens.
What is a consequence of generating random recognition receptors? - Correct Answers
-Some could recognize and target the host.
How is tolerance utilized by the immune system? - Correct Answers -To avoid
recognizing and destroying host tissues.
What does successful maintenance of tolerance ensure? - Correct Answers -That the
host always knows the difference between self and non-self.
