BIOL251 1ST EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
what are the definitions of anatomy and physiology? What is the
relationship between them? correct answers >> anatomy:
the study of the structure of living organisms
physiology: the study of how living organisms function
- form and function complement each other; they cannot be
separate because "things are built in a certain way, to do certain
functions"
List the 6 levels of human structure: correct answers >> 1)
Chemical
2) Organelle/Cellular
3) Tissue
4) Organ
5) Organ System
6) Organism
Chemical Level correct answers >> atoms combine to form
molecules
- some simple (H20) & some complex/large (macromolecules)
Organelle/Cellular Level correct answers >> molecules
combine to form organelles, which help form the basic structure
of cells
,- cells are the basic structural & functional units of life
Tissue Level correct answers >> SIMILAR cells and their
EXTRACELLULAR material combine to form tissues
(homeogenous)
- connective, muscle, epithelial, & nervous (CMEN)
Organ Level correct answers >> 2 or more types of tissues
work together to carry out a particular function(s)
Organ System Level correct answers >> 2 or more organs
work together for a common function
- an organ can belong to more that one organ system
Organismal Level correct answers >> the structure &
functions of organ systems are integrated to form a single,
complete individual
what is the concept of Anatomical Variation, and give some
examples: correct answers >> NO two humans are exactly
alike
- anatomy books only show most common/likely organization of
structure
EX:
- situs inversus ( a life-right reversal of organ placement)
- some lack certain muscles
- some have an atypical # of vertebrae
,- variations in the kidney (horseshow kidney) and aorta
list the 8 different cell shapes: correct answers >> 1)
squamous
2) cuboidal
3) columnar
4) stellate
5) spheroidal/ovoid
6) discoid
7) fusiform
8) fibrous
squamous cell (shape/location) correct answers >> thin, flat,
scaly, with a bulge around the nucleus
- epidermis
- lining of the esophagus
cuboidal (shape/location) correct answers >> squarish,
height == width
-liver cells
columnar (shape/location) correct answers >> squarish,
taller than wide
- inner lining of stomach & intestines
stellate (shape/location) correct answers >> multiple pointed
process projecting from body; STAR-SHAPED
, -neurons
speroidal/ovoid (shape/location) correct answers >> round to
oval
- egg cells
- WBC
discoid (shape/location) correct answers >> disc-shaped
- RBC
fusiform (shape/location) correct answers >> spindle-shaped
elongated with a thick middle & tapered ends
- smooth muscle
fibrous (shape/location) correct answers >> long & slender lil
worms
- skeletal muscle cells
villi (structure/function/location) correct answers >> finger-
like projections
- increases SA
- facilitate transfer of materials
- small intestines
microvilli (structure/function/location) correct answers >>
villi ON the other villi
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
what are the definitions of anatomy and physiology? What is the
relationship between them? correct answers >> anatomy:
the study of the structure of living organisms
physiology: the study of how living organisms function
- form and function complement each other; they cannot be
separate because "things are built in a certain way, to do certain
functions"
List the 6 levels of human structure: correct answers >> 1)
Chemical
2) Organelle/Cellular
3) Tissue
4) Organ
5) Organ System
6) Organism
Chemical Level correct answers >> atoms combine to form
molecules
- some simple (H20) & some complex/large (macromolecules)
Organelle/Cellular Level correct answers >> molecules
combine to form organelles, which help form the basic structure
of cells
,- cells are the basic structural & functional units of life
Tissue Level correct answers >> SIMILAR cells and their
EXTRACELLULAR material combine to form tissues
(homeogenous)
- connective, muscle, epithelial, & nervous (CMEN)
Organ Level correct answers >> 2 or more types of tissues
work together to carry out a particular function(s)
Organ System Level correct answers >> 2 or more organs
work together for a common function
- an organ can belong to more that one organ system
Organismal Level correct answers >> the structure &
functions of organ systems are integrated to form a single,
complete individual
what is the concept of Anatomical Variation, and give some
examples: correct answers >> NO two humans are exactly
alike
- anatomy books only show most common/likely organization of
structure
EX:
- situs inversus ( a life-right reversal of organ placement)
- some lack certain muscles
- some have an atypical # of vertebrae
,- variations in the kidney (horseshow kidney) and aorta
list the 8 different cell shapes: correct answers >> 1)
squamous
2) cuboidal
3) columnar
4) stellate
5) spheroidal/ovoid
6) discoid
7) fusiform
8) fibrous
squamous cell (shape/location) correct answers >> thin, flat,
scaly, with a bulge around the nucleus
- epidermis
- lining of the esophagus
cuboidal (shape/location) correct answers >> squarish,
height == width
-liver cells
columnar (shape/location) correct answers >> squarish,
taller than wide
- inner lining of stomach & intestines
stellate (shape/location) correct answers >> multiple pointed
process projecting from body; STAR-SHAPED
, -neurons
speroidal/ovoid (shape/location) correct answers >> round to
oval
- egg cells
- WBC
discoid (shape/location) correct answers >> disc-shaped
- RBC
fusiform (shape/location) correct answers >> spindle-shaped
elongated with a thick middle & tapered ends
- smooth muscle
fibrous (shape/location) correct answers >> long & slender lil
worms
- skeletal muscle cells
villi (structure/function/location) correct answers >> finger-
like projections
- increases SA
- facilitate transfer of materials
- small intestines
microvilli (structure/function/location) correct answers >>
villi ON the other villi
