BIOLOGY 1407 FINAL EXAM
(TARLETON STATE)
Evolution - Correct Answers -any genetic change in a population of species from
generation to generation
Microevolution - Correct Answers -(short term) change in the proportion of alleles in a
population of species from generation to generation
Macroevolution - Correct Answers -(usually long term) change that occurs at the
species level or above
natural selection - Correct Answers -traits accumulate in a population according to their
enhancement of reproductive success according to environmental factors (fitness level)
Genetic Drift - Correct Answers -fluctuation in the proportion of alleles from generation
to generation due to chance interactions and small population size
-(the proportion of alleles can shift solely due to random mating and chance)
Gene Flow - Correct Answers -the movement of individuals between populations
-(separate populations may have different genetic distribution and gene flow between
population change the proportion of alleles)
Speciation - Correct Answers -the process by which one species splits into two or more
species
3 steps for speciation - Correct Answers -1: a barrier to gene flow
2: differing selective pressures
3: reproductive isolation
divergent evolution - Correct Answers -when two or more species sharing a common
ancestor become more different over time
covergent evolution - Correct Answers -when structures look the same and share a
common function but are not derived from a common ancestor
prezygotic barriers - Correct Answers -barriers to mating and fertilization
, postzygotic barriers - Correct Answers -Barriers that prevent hybrids from becoming a
fertile adult.
What was the first organism on earth? - Correct Answers -Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
What happened to allow for the evolution of aerobic respiration? - Correct Answers -The
photosynthetic prokaryote changed the carbon dioxide atmosphere into an aerobic
atmosphere with oxygen (2.2 billion years ago)
endosymbiotic theory - Correct Answers -chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-
living bacteria that were engulfed by a larger cell
regulatory gene - Correct Answers -(most developmental genes) regulate the
transcription of other genes in the genome; they can control if, when, and for how long
the gene is activated
homeotic genes - Correct Answers -are specific regulatory genes that determine where
certain tissues and organs develop (location)
Protists - Correct Answers -A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an
animal, plant, or fungus.
animal - Correct Answers -Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain
their food by eating, also use embryonic development
Fungi - Correct Answers -heterotrophic eukaryotes which obtain their nutrients from
absorption (decompose)
plant - Correct Answers -multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through
photosynthesis
peptidoglycan - Correct Answers -differentiates gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria - Correct Answers -Bacteria that have a thick layer of
peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria - Correct Answers -Bacteria that have a thin layer of
peptidoglycan
Endospore - Correct Answers -a dormant cell that contains a copy of the original cell's
chromosome if the environment becomes too harsh; resistant to conditions that are
lethal to bacteria
(TARLETON STATE)
Evolution - Correct Answers -any genetic change in a population of species from
generation to generation
Microevolution - Correct Answers -(short term) change in the proportion of alleles in a
population of species from generation to generation
Macroevolution - Correct Answers -(usually long term) change that occurs at the
species level or above
natural selection - Correct Answers -traits accumulate in a population according to their
enhancement of reproductive success according to environmental factors (fitness level)
Genetic Drift - Correct Answers -fluctuation in the proportion of alleles from generation
to generation due to chance interactions and small population size
-(the proportion of alleles can shift solely due to random mating and chance)
Gene Flow - Correct Answers -the movement of individuals between populations
-(separate populations may have different genetic distribution and gene flow between
population change the proportion of alleles)
Speciation - Correct Answers -the process by which one species splits into two or more
species
3 steps for speciation - Correct Answers -1: a barrier to gene flow
2: differing selective pressures
3: reproductive isolation
divergent evolution - Correct Answers -when two or more species sharing a common
ancestor become more different over time
covergent evolution - Correct Answers -when structures look the same and share a
common function but are not derived from a common ancestor
prezygotic barriers - Correct Answers -barriers to mating and fertilization
, postzygotic barriers - Correct Answers -Barriers that prevent hybrids from becoming a
fertile adult.
What was the first organism on earth? - Correct Answers -Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
What happened to allow for the evolution of aerobic respiration? - Correct Answers -The
photosynthetic prokaryote changed the carbon dioxide atmosphere into an aerobic
atmosphere with oxygen (2.2 billion years ago)
endosymbiotic theory - Correct Answers -chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-
living bacteria that were engulfed by a larger cell
regulatory gene - Correct Answers -(most developmental genes) regulate the
transcription of other genes in the genome; they can control if, when, and for how long
the gene is activated
homeotic genes - Correct Answers -are specific regulatory genes that determine where
certain tissues and organs develop (location)
Protists - Correct Answers -A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an
animal, plant, or fungus.
animal - Correct Answers -Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain
their food by eating, also use embryonic development
Fungi - Correct Answers -heterotrophic eukaryotes which obtain their nutrients from
absorption (decompose)
plant - Correct Answers -multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through
photosynthesis
peptidoglycan - Correct Answers -differentiates gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria - Correct Answers -Bacteria that have a thick layer of
peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria - Correct Answers -Bacteria that have a thin layer of
peptidoglycan
Endospore - Correct Answers -a dormant cell that contains a copy of the original cell's
chromosome if the environment becomes too harsh; resistant to conditions that are
lethal to bacteria
