SERIES 2 FORM A (RETIRED FORM)
STUDY GUIDE PEAT 1 : REMEDIATION
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025/2026
Question 1.7:
A patient is practicing moving from seated to standing position. Which of the following
transfers to standing position would BEST facilitate motor learning of the task?
1.From a single chair at a self-selected speed, with minimal feedback of results
2.From a single chair at a variety of speeds, with maximum feedback of results
3.From a variety of chairs at a single speed, with maximum feedback of results
4.From a variety of chairs at a variety of speeds, with minimal feedback of results -
ANSWERSFrom A variety of chairs at a variety of speeds, with minimal feedback of
results.
Correct answer choice 4:
Motor learning principles suggest that psychomotor skills are best learned when
practice conditions allow errors to occur, when performers are encouraged to engage in
active sensory encoding and retrieval processes and when knowledge of results is used
minimally. Such practice typically involves varying the task, varying the environment in
which the task occurs, and providing minimal feedback of results.
Learning as defined by Shumway Cook: sixth ed pg. 23: - ANSWERSA.)learning is a
process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
B.) Learning results from experience or practice
C.) Learning cannot be measured directly, instead it is inferred from behavior
D.) Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior thus short term
alterations are not thought of as learning.
Process of motor learning can be described as:mpg. 23 sixth ed. - ANSWERSSearching
for a task solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and
environment.
Task solutions: - ANSWERSAre strategies for perceiving and acting.
Recovery of function: - ANSWERSinvolves the search for new solutions in relationships
to specific tasks and the environment given the new constraints imposed on the
individual by neural pathology.
Attention: - ANSWERSThe cognitive process by which people can detect , select,
sustain, or shift awareness among a myriad of relevant information and stimuli.
,External Focus - ANSWERSrefers to directing attention to the effects of movement in
the environment, such as how a movement impacts an object or space. This approach
can enhance motor learning and performance by promoting automaticity in movement
patterns.
Internal focus - ANSWERSinvolves concentrating on the body's movements or
mechanics, such as how a muscle feels or how a joint moves. This can sometimes
disrupt fluidity and efficiency in movement.
In physical therapy, using external focus can be more beneficial for improving motor
skills and rehabilitation outcomes.
selective attention - ANSWERSFocusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.;
When improvements in performance are observed for a particular task , an object, or a
stimulus feature that is significant to the individual.
Nonselective attention: - ANSWERSa certain level of effort (i.e. arousal) is required to
maintain a high level of performance across different tasks.
Exogenous Attention: - ANSWERSAutomatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual
or auditory stimulus. (salient stimulus).
bottom up
Endogenous Attention - ANSWERSattention that is directed voluntarily ; top down.
goal oriented and internally driven.
The main constructs that compose attention: - ANSWERSfocused, sustained, selective,
alteranting , divided.
Focused Attention: - ANSWERSThe ability to concentrate on a specific stimulus or task
while ignoring distractions
Sustained Attention - ANSWERSThe capacity to maintain attention on a task over an
extended period without becoming distracted
Alternating Attention - ANSWERSThe ability to switch focus between two or more tasks
or stimuli, managing multiple demands effectively
Divided Attention - ANSWERSThe capacity to process multiple sources of information
or perform more than one task simultaneously.
Cornerstone for motor learning and motor performance: - ANSWERSAttention and
memory
Declarative Memory: - ANSWERSExplicit
,This type of memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events. It is divided
into two subtypes: A.)episodic memory (personal experiences)
B.)semantic memory (general knowledge).
Nondeclarative Memory: - ANSWERSImplicit
This type of memory is not consciously accessible and includes skills and habits, such
as riding a bike or playing an instrument. It is often learned through repetition and
practice, and it operates automatically without conscious thought.
Forms of learning for Nondeclarative memory: - ANSWERS1.) Nonassociative
A.) Habituation and
B.)sensitization
2.)Associative learning
A.) Classical
B.)Operant conditioning
3.)Procedural Learning:
A.)Tasks
B.)Habits
Nonassociative learning" - ANSWERSIs a type of learning that involves a change in
response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. It includes two main forms: habituation,
where an organism learns to ignore a stimulus after repeated presentations, and
sensitization, where an organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus after
exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus. This form of learning does not involve forming
associations between stimuli or between a stimulus and a response, unlike associative
learning. Nonassociative learning is fundamental for adapting to the environment and is
often observed in simple organisms as well as in complex behaviors in humans.
Episodic Memory - ANSWERSis a type of long-term memory that involves the
recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences from an individual's life. It
allows people to remember personal experiences, including contextual details like time
and place. This memory system is crucial for forming a coherent narrative of one's life.
Episodic memory relies on which brain regions: - ANSWERSHippocampus and
surrounding areas of the brain and can be influenced by:
emotional states and passage of time.
Semantic Memory: - ANSWERStype of long-term memory that involves the storage and
recall of factual information, concepts, and knowledge about the world.
Semantic memory includes information such as vocabulary, historical facts, and general
knowledge about objects and their properties. It is crucial for language comprehension
and reasoning.
does not require a specific context or personal experience to retrieve information. It is
thought to be organized in a network of concepts, where related ideas are
interconnected.
, Associative learning: - ANSWERSis a fundamental process in which an individual learns
to associate a specific stimulus with a particular response. It plays a crucial role in
physical therapy by helping patients develop motor skills through repetition and
feedback. In therapy, this involves using sensory cues and structured practice
schedules to enhance motor performance and build confidence. Key aspects include
the importance of gradual progression, knowledge of results (feedback), and the use of
mental practice to reinforce skills.This learning is essential for adapting movements and
improving functional abilities in patients.
A.)Classical conditioning
B.)Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning: - ANSWERSa type of learning in which one learns to link two or
more stimuli and anticipate events
Conditioned stimulus: bell ( originally produces no results)
Unconditioned stimulus: ( natural response food)
Operant conditioning: - ANSWERSLearning based on the consequences of responding
or ones own behaviour; a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed
by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Procedural Learning: - ANSWERSThrough tasks or habits. Learning tasks that can be
performed automatically without attention or conscious though t like a habit.Procedural
learning develops slowly through repetition of an act over many trials and is expressed
through improved performance of the task that was practiced. Like other forms of
implicit learning, procedural learning does not require awareness, attention, or other
higher cognitive processes. During motor skill acquisition repeating a movement
continuously under varying circumstances would typically lead to procedural learning.
Areas of the brain associated with declarative learning: - ANSWERSMedial temporal
lobe areas
Sensory association cortex
Hippocampus
Brain regions involved in Procedural Learning: - ANSWERSbasal ganglia, motor cortex,
cerebellum
Striatum
Cerebellum
Brain regions involved in Nonassociative learning: - ANSWERSreflex pathways
Brain regions involved in associative learning - ANSWERSEmotional responses:
Amygdala
Skeletal Musculature:
Cerebellum
STUDY GUIDE PEAT 1 : REMEDIATION
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025/2026
Question 1.7:
A patient is practicing moving from seated to standing position. Which of the following
transfers to standing position would BEST facilitate motor learning of the task?
1.From a single chair at a self-selected speed, with minimal feedback of results
2.From a single chair at a variety of speeds, with maximum feedback of results
3.From a variety of chairs at a single speed, with maximum feedback of results
4.From a variety of chairs at a variety of speeds, with minimal feedback of results -
ANSWERSFrom A variety of chairs at a variety of speeds, with minimal feedback of
results.
Correct answer choice 4:
Motor learning principles suggest that psychomotor skills are best learned when
practice conditions allow errors to occur, when performers are encouraged to engage in
active sensory encoding and retrieval processes and when knowledge of results is used
minimally. Such practice typically involves varying the task, varying the environment in
which the task occurs, and providing minimal feedback of results.
Learning as defined by Shumway Cook: sixth ed pg. 23: - ANSWERSA.)learning is a
process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
B.) Learning results from experience or practice
C.) Learning cannot be measured directly, instead it is inferred from behavior
D.) Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior thus short term
alterations are not thought of as learning.
Process of motor learning can be described as:mpg. 23 sixth ed. - ANSWERSSearching
for a task solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and
environment.
Task solutions: - ANSWERSAre strategies for perceiving and acting.
Recovery of function: - ANSWERSinvolves the search for new solutions in relationships
to specific tasks and the environment given the new constraints imposed on the
individual by neural pathology.
Attention: - ANSWERSThe cognitive process by which people can detect , select,
sustain, or shift awareness among a myriad of relevant information and stimuli.
,External Focus - ANSWERSrefers to directing attention to the effects of movement in
the environment, such as how a movement impacts an object or space. This approach
can enhance motor learning and performance by promoting automaticity in movement
patterns.
Internal focus - ANSWERSinvolves concentrating on the body's movements or
mechanics, such as how a muscle feels or how a joint moves. This can sometimes
disrupt fluidity and efficiency in movement.
In physical therapy, using external focus can be more beneficial for improving motor
skills and rehabilitation outcomes.
selective attention - ANSWERSFocusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.;
When improvements in performance are observed for a particular task , an object, or a
stimulus feature that is significant to the individual.
Nonselective attention: - ANSWERSa certain level of effort (i.e. arousal) is required to
maintain a high level of performance across different tasks.
Exogenous Attention: - ANSWERSAutomatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual
or auditory stimulus. (salient stimulus).
bottom up
Endogenous Attention - ANSWERSattention that is directed voluntarily ; top down.
goal oriented and internally driven.
The main constructs that compose attention: - ANSWERSfocused, sustained, selective,
alteranting , divided.
Focused Attention: - ANSWERSThe ability to concentrate on a specific stimulus or task
while ignoring distractions
Sustained Attention - ANSWERSThe capacity to maintain attention on a task over an
extended period without becoming distracted
Alternating Attention - ANSWERSThe ability to switch focus between two or more tasks
or stimuli, managing multiple demands effectively
Divided Attention - ANSWERSThe capacity to process multiple sources of information
or perform more than one task simultaneously.
Cornerstone for motor learning and motor performance: - ANSWERSAttention and
memory
Declarative Memory: - ANSWERSExplicit
,This type of memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events. It is divided
into two subtypes: A.)episodic memory (personal experiences)
B.)semantic memory (general knowledge).
Nondeclarative Memory: - ANSWERSImplicit
This type of memory is not consciously accessible and includes skills and habits, such
as riding a bike or playing an instrument. It is often learned through repetition and
practice, and it operates automatically without conscious thought.
Forms of learning for Nondeclarative memory: - ANSWERS1.) Nonassociative
A.) Habituation and
B.)sensitization
2.)Associative learning
A.) Classical
B.)Operant conditioning
3.)Procedural Learning:
A.)Tasks
B.)Habits
Nonassociative learning" - ANSWERSIs a type of learning that involves a change in
response to a stimulus after repeated exposure. It includes two main forms: habituation,
where an organism learns to ignore a stimulus after repeated presentations, and
sensitization, where an organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus after
exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus. This form of learning does not involve forming
associations between stimuli or between a stimulus and a response, unlike associative
learning. Nonassociative learning is fundamental for adapting to the environment and is
often observed in simple organisms as well as in complex behaviors in humans.
Episodic Memory - ANSWERSis a type of long-term memory that involves the
recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences from an individual's life. It
allows people to remember personal experiences, including contextual details like time
and place. This memory system is crucial for forming a coherent narrative of one's life.
Episodic memory relies on which brain regions: - ANSWERSHippocampus and
surrounding areas of the brain and can be influenced by:
emotional states and passage of time.
Semantic Memory: - ANSWERStype of long-term memory that involves the storage and
recall of factual information, concepts, and knowledge about the world.
Semantic memory includes information such as vocabulary, historical facts, and general
knowledge about objects and their properties. It is crucial for language comprehension
and reasoning.
does not require a specific context or personal experience to retrieve information. It is
thought to be organized in a network of concepts, where related ideas are
interconnected.
, Associative learning: - ANSWERSis a fundamental process in which an individual learns
to associate a specific stimulus with a particular response. It plays a crucial role in
physical therapy by helping patients develop motor skills through repetition and
feedback. In therapy, this involves using sensory cues and structured practice
schedules to enhance motor performance and build confidence. Key aspects include
the importance of gradual progression, knowledge of results (feedback), and the use of
mental practice to reinforce skills.This learning is essential for adapting movements and
improving functional abilities in patients.
A.)Classical conditioning
B.)Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning: - ANSWERSa type of learning in which one learns to link two or
more stimuli and anticipate events
Conditioned stimulus: bell ( originally produces no results)
Unconditioned stimulus: ( natural response food)
Operant conditioning: - ANSWERSLearning based on the consequences of responding
or ones own behaviour; a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed
by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Procedural Learning: - ANSWERSThrough tasks or habits. Learning tasks that can be
performed automatically without attention or conscious though t like a habit.Procedural
learning develops slowly through repetition of an act over many trials and is expressed
through improved performance of the task that was practiced. Like other forms of
implicit learning, procedural learning does not require awareness, attention, or other
higher cognitive processes. During motor skill acquisition repeating a movement
continuously under varying circumstances would typically lead to procedural learning.
Areas of the brain associated with declarative learning: - ANSWERSMedial temporal
lobe areas
Sensory association cortex
Hippocampus
Brain regions involved in Procedural Learning: - ANSWERSbasal ganglia, motor cortex,
cerebellum
Striatum
Cerebellum
Brain regions involved in Nonassociative learning: - ANSWERSreflex pathways
Brain regions involved in associative learning - ANSWERSEmotional responses:
Amygdala
Skeletal Musculature:
Cerebellum
