BIO305 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Prokaryotes lack what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a nucleus
What is in the prokaryote category? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bacteria and archea
Eukaryotes have what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a nucleus
What is in the eukaryote category? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅algae, fungi, protists
Viruses and prions are ________ entities. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅acellular
What are the 3 domains that "evolved" from a common ancestral cell? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
A _______ comprises the total genetic information of an organisms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅genome
Who developed the first method of DNA sequencing that was fast enough to sequence large genomes? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Fred Sanger
What bacterium was used to complete the first genome sequence of a cellular microbe? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae causes what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅meningitis in children
___________ are the collections of sequences from diverse populations of microbes taken directly from
the environment. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Metagenomes
In the eighteenth century, _______ infected a large fraction of the European population. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅smallpox
,Who introduced the practice of smallpox inoculation? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lady Mary Montagu
Who deliberately infected patients with material he collected from cowpox lesions? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Edward Jenner
The practice of cowpox inoculation was called _____________. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅vaccination
Who developed the first vaccines based on attenuated (weakened) strains of microbes, such as Fowl
cholera and Rabies? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Louis Pasteur
______________ is the stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an attenuated
pathogen. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Immunization
Who ordered their doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antiseptic agent? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Ignaz Semmelweis
Who developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Joseph Lister
What defines an aseptic surgery? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An environment completely microbe-free
Who discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Alexander Fleming
Who purified penicillin? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
What was the first commercial antibiotic used to save lives? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Penicillin
______________ are microbes that live inside a larger host organism. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Endosymbionts
,What endosymbiotic bacteria induce the roots of legumes to form special nodules to facilitate bacterial
nitrogen fixation. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rhizobia
Endosymbiotic microbes make essential ___________ contributions to certain host animals. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅nutritional
Ruminant animals such as cattle and even termites, require digestive bacteria to break down _________
and other plant polymers. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cellulose
What human intestinal bacteria grow in complex biofilms that contribute positively to human health. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Escherichia coli and Bacteroides
Who dramatically modified that 5 kingdom system? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis proposed that eukaryotic organelles evolved by __________ from prokaryotic cells
engulfed by pre-eukaryotes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅endosymbiosis
Chloroplasts evolved from what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cyanobacteria
Mitochondria evolved from what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Proteobacteria
What new prokaryote did Carl Woese discover? How did he analyze it? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Archaea
analysis of their 16S rRNA
Woese's discovery replaced the 5 kingdoms with what 3 domains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya
Light is part of what spectrum? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅electromagnetic spectrum
, What wavelength is light visible? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅400-750 nm
What certain conditions must exists for magnetic radiation to resolve an object? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅1. contrast between object and its surroundings
2. wavelength smaller than the object
3. magnification
___________ means that the absorbing object gains the photon's energy - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Absorption
___________ means that the wavefront redirects from the surface of an object at an angle equal to its
incident angle - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Reflection
____________ means the light bends as its enters a substance that slows its speed - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Refraction
_________ means that a portion of the wavefront is converted to a spherical wave originating form the
object - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Scattering
Phase-contrast microscopy exploits differences in refractive index between what? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium or between different organelles
What can PCM be used to view? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅live cells and cellular organelles
PCM optics depend on the principle of ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅interference
The result of interference between two waves is a pattern of alternating zones of __________ and
__________ interference - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅constructive
destructive
Prokaryotes lack what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a nucleus
What is in the prokaryote category? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bacteria and archea
Eukaryotes have what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a nucleus
What is in the eukaryote category? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅algae, fungi, protists
Viruses and prions are ________ entities. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅acellular
What are the 3 domains that "evolved" from a common ancestral cell? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
A _______ comprises the total genetic information of an organisms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅genome
Who developed the first method of DNA sequencing that was fast enough to sequence large genomes? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Fred Sanger
What bacterium was used to complete the first genome sequence of a cellular microbe? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae causes what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅meningitis in children
___________ are the collections of sequences from diverse populations of microbes taken directly from
the environment. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Metagenomes
In the eighteenth century, _______ infected a large fraction of the European population. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅smallpox
,Who introduced the practice of smallpox inoculation? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lady Mary Montagu
Who deliberately infected patients with material he collected from cowpox lesions? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Edward Jenner
The practice of cowpox inoculation was called _____________. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅vaccination
Who developed the first vaccines based on attenuated (weakened) strains of microbes, such as Fowl
cholera and Rabies? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Louis Pasteur
______________ is the stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an attenuated
pathogen. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Immunization
Who ordered their doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antiseptic agent? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Ignaz Semmelweis
Who developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Joseph Lister
What defines an aseptic surgery? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅An environment completely microbe-free
Who discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Alexander Fleming
Who purified penicillin? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
What was the first commercial antibiotic used to save lives? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Penicillin
______________ are microbes that live inside a larger host organism. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Endosymbionts
,What endosymbiotic bacteria induce the roots of legumes to form special nodules to facilitate bacterial
nitrogen fixation. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rhizobia
Endosymbiotic microbes make essential ___________ contributions to certain host animals. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅nutritional
Ruminant animals such as cattle and even termites, require digestive bacteria to break down _________
and other plant polymers. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cellulose
What human intestinal bacteria grow in complex biofilms that contribute positively to human health. -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Escherichia coli and Bacteroides
Who dramatically modified that 5 kingdom system? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis proposed that eukaryotic organelles evolved by __________ from prokaryotic cells
engulfed by pre-eukaryotes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅endosymbiosis
Chloroplasts evolved from what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cyanobacteria
Mitochondria evolved from what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Proteobacteria
What new prokaryote did Carl Woese discover? How did he analyze it? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Archaea
analysis of their 16S rRNA
Woese's discovery replaced the 5 kingdoms with what 3 domains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya
Light is part of what spectrum? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅electromagnetic spectrum
, What wavelength is light visible? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅400-750 nm
What certain conditions must exists for magnetic radiation to resolve an object? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅1. contrast between object and its surroundings
2. wavelength smaller than the object
3. magnification
___________ means that the absorbing object gains the photon's energy - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Absorption
___________ means that the wavefront redirects from the surface of an object at an angle equal to its
incident angle - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Reflection
____________ means the light bends as its enters a substance that slows its speed - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅Refraction
_________ means that a portion of the wavefront is converted to a spherical wave originating form the
object - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Scattering
Phase-contrast microscopy exploits differences in refractive index between what? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium or between different organelles
What can PCM be used to view? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅live cells and cellular organelles
PCM optics depend on the principle of ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅interference
The result of interference between two waves is a pattern of alternating zones of __________ and
__________ interference - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅constructive
destructive
