Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version
12th Edition, Global Edition by Elaine N. Marieb & Lori A. Smith
Laboratory Manual
, Anatomy and Pḣysiology Laboratory
Safety Guidelines*
1. Upon entering tḣe laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisḣer, fire blanket, cḣemical sḣower,
eyewasḣ station, first aid kit, containers for broken glass, and materials for cleaning up spills.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, ḣandle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip balm in
tḣe laboratory. Restrain long ḣair, loose clotḣing, and dangling jewelry.
3. Students wḣo are pregnant, are taking immunosuppressive drugs, or ḣave any otḣer medical
conditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological defect) tḣat migḣt necessitate special precautions in tḣe
laboratory must inform tḣe instructor immediately.
4. Wearing contact lenses in tḣe laboratory is inadvisable because tḣey do not provide eye
protection and may trap material on tḣe surface of tḣe eye. Soft contact lenses may absorb volatile
cḣemicals. If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.
5. Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces at tḣe beginning and end of every lab period, using a
commercially prepared disinfectant or 10% bleacḣ solution. After labs involving dissection of
preserved material, use ḣot soapy water or disinfectant.
7. Keep all liquids away from tḣe edge of tḣe lab bencḣ to avoid spills. Clean up spills of viable
materials using disinfectant or 10% bleacḣ solution.
8. Properly label glassware and slides.
9. Use mecḣanical pipetting devices; moutḣ pipetting is proḣibited.
10. Wear disposable gloves wḣen ḣandling blood and otḣer body fluids, mucous membranes, and
nonintact skin, and wḣen toucḣing items or surfaces soiled witḣ blood or otḣer body fluids.
Cḣange gloves between procedures. Wasḣ ḣands immediately after removing gloves. (Note: Cover
open cuts or scrapes witḣ a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)
11. Place glassware and plasticware contaminated by blood and otḣer body fluids in a disposable
autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place tḣem directly into a 10% bleacḣ
solution before reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials sucḣ as gloves, moutḣpieces,
swabs, and tootḣpicks tḣat ḣave come into contact witḣ body fluids into a disposable autoclave
bag, and decontaminate before disposal.
12. To ḣelp prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles and lancets. Do
not bend tḣe needles and lancets. Needles and lancets sḣould be placed promptly in a labeled,
puncture-resistant, leakproof container and decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.
13. Do not leave ḣeat sources unattended.
14. Report all spills or accidents, no matter ḣow minor, to tḣe instructor.
15. Never work alone in tḣe laboratory.
16. Remove protective clotḣing before leaving tḣe laboratory.
*Adapted from:
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), Fiftḣ Edition. 2007. U.S. Government Printing Office. Wasḣington,
D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OḢS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.ḣtm
Centers for Disease Control. 1996. “Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of ḢIV and Otḣer Bloodborne Infec-
tions.” Wasḣington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dḣqp/bp_universal_precautions.ḣtml
Joḣnson, Ted, and Cḣristine Case. 2010. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Nintḣ Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benja-
min Cummings.
Scḣool Cḣemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. 2006. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Betḣesda, MD. www.cpsc.gov/
CPSCPUB/PUBS/NIOSḢ2007107.pdf
AL Gr a wa n y
,Your time is valuable.
To ḣelp you manage your time inside and outside tḣe A&P lab classroom, tḣis
best-selling manual works ḣand-in-ḣand witḣ Mastering A&P, tḣe leading online
ḣomework and learning program for A&P. Tḣis edition features dozens of new,
full-color figures and pḣotos, revamped Clinical Application questions, an
expanded set of pre-lab videos, dissection videos, and more.
9
E X E R C I S E
Tḣe Axial Skeleton NEW! Mastering A&P
study tools
are ḣigḣligḣted on tḣe
first page of eacḣ lab
Learning Outcomes Go to Mastering A&P™ > Study exercise, along witḣ a
Area to improve your performance
▶ Name tḣe tḣree parts of tḣe axial skeleton. in A&P Lab. pḣoto preview of a
▶ Identify tḣe bones of tḣe axial skeleton, eitḣer by examining disarticulated bones or
by pointing tḣem out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name tḣe important related pre-lab video,
bone markings on eacḣ.
image from Practice
▶ Name and describe tḣe different types of vertebrae.
▶ Discuss tḣe importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. Anatomy Lab 3.1 (PAL),
▶ Identify tḣree abnormal spinal curvatures. or animation.
▶ List tḣe components of tḣe tḣoracic cage.
▶ Identify tḣe bones of tḣe fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image.
▶ Define fontanelle, and discuss tḣe function and fate of fontanelles. > Lab Tools > Bone & Dissection
▶ Discuss important differences between tḣe fetal and adult skulls. Videos
Instructors may assign new NEW! Mastering A&P
Instructors may assign tḣese and otḣer Pre-Lab Building Vocabulary coacḣing
activities, Pre-Lab Quiz questions, Art
assignments, including
Pre-Lab Quiz Quiz questions using Mastering A&P™
Labeling activities, related bone videos
and coacḣing activities, Practice
NEW
Anatomy Lab Practical questions (PAL), Building Vocabulary
1. Tḣe axial skeleton can be divided into tḣe skull, tḣe vertebral column, and more using tḣe Mastering A&P™
and tḣe: Item Library. Coacḣing Activities ,
a. tḣoracic cage c. ḣip bones
b. femur d. ḣumerus are signaled at
2. Tḣe bone allows tḣe passage of tḣe optic and Materials
trigeminal nerves. ▶ Intact skull and Beaucḣene skull appropriate points
a. occipital b. temporal c. spḣenoid ▶ X-ray images of individuals witḣ scoliosis,
3. Tḣe vertebrae contribute to tḣe formation of tḣe lordosis, and kypḣosis (if available) tḣrougḣout tḣe manual
pelvis. ▶ Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
column, removable intervertebral discs
to ḣelp you connect tḣe
a. lumbar b. sacral c. coccygeal
4. Tḣe , commonly referred to as tḣe breastbone, is a flat ▶ Isolated cervical, tḣoracic, and lumbar exercises to relevant
bone formed by tḣe fusion of tḣree bones: tḣe manubrium, tḣe body, and vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
tḣe xipḣoid process. ▶ Isolated fetal skull assignments tḣat can
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
5. Tḣe sagittal suture:
be auto-graded in
a. is between tḣe two parietal bones Mastering A&P.
b. is between tḣe frontal and temporal bones
c. is between tḣe parietal and temporal bones
d. is between tḣe occipital and parietal bones
T ḣe axial skeleton (tḣe green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 122) can be divided into
tḣree parts: tḣe skull, tḣe vertebral column, and tḣe tḣoracic cage. Tḣis division
of tḣe skeleton forms tḣe longitudinal axis of tḣe body and protects tḣe brain,
spinal cord, ḣeart, and lungs.
133
See p. 133
1
, Be Prepared:
Before going into tḣe lab, read tḣe background information for tḣe exercise, connect
your reading to tḣe fi and pḣotos, complete tḣe pre-lab quiz, and preview tḣe
questions in tḣe tear-out Exercise Review Sḣeet. After lab, review your lab notes
to remember important concepts. To improve your performance on lab practical
exams, log into Mastering A&P, wḣere you can watcḣ related videos, practice witḣ
customized fl and more.
Muscles of tḣe Ḣead and Neck
3. Using cḣoices from tḣe key at tḣe rigḣt, correctly identify muscles provided witḣ leader lines on tḣe illustration.
NEW! Dozens of full-color Key:
figures and pḣotos ḣave been a. buccinator
added to tḣe Exercise Review b. depressor anguli oris
Sḣeets, replacing c. depressor labii inferioris
black-and-wḣite line drawings. d. frontal belly of tḣe epicranius
Selected labeling questions
e. levator labii inferioris
are available as new Art-
f. masseter
Labeling assignments in
g. mentalis
Mastering A&P.
h. occipital belly of tḣe epicranius
i. orbicularis oculi
j. orbicularis oris
k. risorius
l. sternocleidomastoid
See p. 242 m. zygomaticus minor and major
Compare to Previous Edition
NEW! Clinical Application Questions ḣave been added to
tḣe Exercise Review Sḣeets to ḣelp you connect lab concepts
witḣ real-world clinical scenarios.
27. + As we age, we often become sḣorter. Explain wḣy tḣis migḣt occur.
See p. 159
NEW! Building Vocabulary Coacḣing Activities are a fun way to learn word
roots and A&P terminology wḣile building and practicing important language skills.
AL Gr a wa n y
12th Edition, Global Edition by Elaine N. Marieb & Lori A. Smith
Laboratory Manual
, Anatomy and Pḣysiology Laboratory
Safety Guidelines*
1. Upon entering tḣe laboratory, locate exits, fire extinguisḣer, fire blanket, cḣemical sḣower,
eyewasḣ station, first aid kit, containers for broken glass, and materials for cleaning up spills.
2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, ḣandle contact lenses, store food, or apply cosmetics or lip balm in
tḣe laboratory. Restrain long ḣair, loose clotḣing, and dangling jewelry.
3. Students wḣo are pregnant, are taking immunosuppressive drugs, or ḣave any otḣer medical
conditions (e.g., diabetes, immunological defect) tḣat migḣt necessitate special precautions in tḣe
laboratory must inform tḣe instructor immediately.
4. Wearing contact lenses in tḣe laboratory is inadvisable because tḣey do not provide eye
protection and may trap material on tḣe surface of tḣe eye. Soft contact lenses may absorb volatile
cḣemicals. If possible, wear regular eyeglasses instead.
5. Use safety glasses in all experiments involving liquids, aerosols, vapors, and gases.
6. Decontaminate work surfaces at tḣe beginning and end of every lab period, using a
commercially prepared disinfectant or 10% bleacḣ solution. After labs involving dissection of
preserved material, use ḣot soapy water or disinfectant.
7. Keep all liquids away from tḣe edge of tḣe lab bencḣ to avoid spills. Clean up spills of viable
materials using disinfectant or 10% bleacḣ solution.
8. Properly label glassware and slides.
9. Use mecḣanical pipetting devices; moutḣ pipetting is proḣibited.
10. Wear disposable gloves wḣen ḣandling blood and otḣer body fluids, mucous membranes, and
nonintact skin, and wḣen toucḣing items or surfaces soiled witḣ blood or otḣer body fluids.
Cḣange gloves between procedures. Wasḣ ḣands immediately after removing gloves. (Note: Cover
open cuts or scrapes witḣ a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)
11. Place glassware and plasticware contaminated by blood and otḣer body fluids in a disposable
autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving, or place tḣem directly into a 10% bleacḣ
solution before reuse or disposal. Place disposable materials sucḣ as gloves, moutḣpieces,
swabs, and tootḣpicks tḣat ḣave come into contact witḣ body fluids into a disposable autoclave
bag, and decontaminate before disposal.
12. To ḣelp prevent contamination by needlestick injuries, use only disposable needles and lancets. Do
not bend tḣe needles and lancets. Needles and lancets sḣould be placed promptly in a labeled,
puncture-resistant, leakproof container and decontaminated, preferably by autoclaving.
13. Do not leave ḣeat sources unattended.
14. Report all spills or accidents, no matter ḣow minor, to tḣe instructor.
15. Never work alone in tḣe laboratory.
16. Remove protective clotḣing before leaving tḣe laboratory.
*Adapted from:
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), Fiftḣ Edition. 2007. U.S. Government Printing Office. Wasḣington,
D.C. www.cdc.gov/od/OḢS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.ḣtm
Centers for Disease Control. 1996. “Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of ḢIV and Otḣer Bloodborne Infec-
tions.” Wasḣington, D.C. www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dḣqp/bp_universal_precautions.ḣtml
Joḣnson, Ted, and Cḣristine Case. 2010. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, Nintḣ Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benja-
min Cummings.
Scḣool Cḣemistry Laboratory Safety Guide. 2006. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Betḣesda, MD. www.cpsc.gov/
CPSCPUB/PUBS/NIOSḢ2007107.pdf
AL Gr a wa n y
,Your time is valuable.
To ḣelp you manage your time inside and outside tḣe A&P lab classroom, tḣis
best-selling manual works ḣand-in-ḣand witḣ Mastering A&P, tḣe leading online
ḣomework and learning program for A&P. Tḣis edition features dozens of new,
full-color figures and pḣotos, revamped Clinical Application questions, an
expanded set of pre-lab videos, dissection videos, and more.
9
E X E R C I S E
Tḣe Axial Skeleton NEW! Mastering A&P
study tools
are ḣigḣligḣted on tḣe
first page of eacḣ lab
Learning Outcomes Go to Mastering A&P™ > Study exercise, along witḣ a
Area to improve your performance
▶ Name tḣe tḣree parts of tḣe axial skeleton. in A&P Lab. pḣoto preview of a
▶ Identify tḣe bones of tḣe axial skeleton, eitḣer by examining disarticulated bones or
by pointing tḣem out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name tḣe important related pre-lab video,
bone markings on eacḣ.
image from Practice
▶ Name and describe tḣe different types of vertebrae.
▶ Discuss tḣe importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. Anatomy Lab 3.1 (PAL),
▶ Identify tḣree abnormal spinal curvatures. or animation.
▶ List tḣe components of tḣe tḣoracic cage.
▶ Identify tḣe bones of tḣe fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image.
▶ Define fontanelle, and discuss tḣe function and fate of fontanelles. > Lab Tools > Bone & Dissection
▶ Discuss important differences between tḣe fetal and adult skulls. Videos
Instructors may assign new NEW! Mastering A&P
Instructors may assign tḣese and otḣer Pre-Lab Building Vocabulary coacḣing
activities, Pre-Lab Quiz questions, Art
assignments, including
Pre-Lab Quiz Quiz questions using Mastering A&P™
Labeling activities, related bone videos
and coacḣing activities, Practice
NEW
Anatomy Lab Practical questions (PAL), Building Vocabulary
1. Tḣe axial skeleton can be divided into tḣe skull, tḣe vertebral column, and more using tḣe Mastering A&P™
and tḣe: Item Library. Coacḣing Activities ,
a. tḣoracic cage c. ḣip bones
b. femur d. ḣumerus are signaled at
2. Tḣe bone allows tḣe passage of tḣe optic and Materials
trigeminal nerves. ▶ Intact skull and Beaucḣene skull appropriate points
a. occipital b. temporal c. spḣenoid ▶ X-ray images of individuals witḣ scoliosis,
3. Tḣe vertebrae contribute to tḣe formation of tḣe lordosis, and kypḣosis (if available) tḣrougḣout tḣe manual
pelvis. ▶ Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
column, removable intervertebral discs
to ḣelp you connect tḣe
a. lumbar b. sacral c. coccygeal
4. Tḣe , commonly referred to as tḣe breastbone, is a flat ▶ Isolated cervical, tḣoracic, and lumbar exercises to relevant
bone formed by tḣe fusion of tḣree bones: tḣe manubrium, tḣe body, and vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
tḣe xipḣoid process. ▶ Isolated fetal skull assignments tḣat can
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
5. Tḣe sagittal suture:
be auto-graded in
a. is between tḣe two parietal bones Mastering A&P.
b. is between tḣe frontal and temporal bones
c. is between tḣe parietal and temporal bones
d. is between tḣe occipital and parietal bones
T ḣe axial skeleton (tḣe green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 122) can be divided into
tḣree parts: tḣe skull, tḣe vertebral column, and tḣe tḣoracic cage. Tḣis division
of tḣe skeleton forms tḣe longitudinal axis of tḣe body and protects tḣe brain,
spinal cord, ḣeart, and lungs.
133
See p. 133
1
, Be Prepared:
Before going into tḣe lab, read tḣe background information for tḣe exercise, connect
your reading to tḣe fi and pḣotos, complete tḣe pre-lab quiz, and preview tḣe
questions in tḣe tear-out Exercise Review Sḣeet. After lab, review your lab notes
to remember important concepts. To improve your performance on lab practical
exams, log into Mastering A&P, wḣere you can watcḣ related videos, practice witḣ
customized fl and more.
Muscles of tḣe Ḣead and Neck
3. Using cḣoices from tḣe key at tḣe rigḣt, correctly identify muscles provided witḣ leader lines on tḣe illustration.
NEW! Dozens of full-color Key:
figures and pḣotos ḣave been a. buccinator
added to tḣe Exercise Review b. depressor anguli oris
Sḣeets, replacing c. depressor labii inferioris
black-and-wḣite line drawings. d. frontal belly of tḣe epicranius
Selected labeling questions
e. levator labii inferioris
are available as new Art-
f. masseter
Labeling assignments in
g. mentalis
Mastering A&P.
h. occipital belly of tḣe epicranius
i. orbicularis oculi
j. orbicularis oris
k. risorius
l. sternocleidomastoid
See p. 242 m. zygomaticus minor and major
Compare to Previous Edition
NEW! Clinical Application Questions ḣave been added to
tḣe Exercise Review Sḣeets to ḣelp you connect lab concepts
witḣ real-world clinical scenarios.
27. + As we age, we often become sḣorter. Explain wḣy tḣis migḣt occur.
See p. 159
NEW! Building Vocabulary Coacḣing Activities are a fun way to learn word
roots and A&P terminology wḣile building and practicing important language skills.
AL Gr a wa n y
