A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
Chapter 1 Test B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit the
range of political activity. More often than not, they are one-party states, which means that only one
party, that which supports the government, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussion
and association are strictly curtailed in these systems. Anyone who might dare to criticize the
government or to express ideas that are not in conformity with its policies can be severely punished,
even by death.
Robert A. Heineman, Political Science
a. Argument; conclusion: More often than not ... engage in political activity.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Authoritarian states ... limit the range of political activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: Anyone who might dare to criticize ... even by death.
e. Argument; conclusion: Free discussion and association ... in these systems.
ANS: B PTS: 2
2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000
years ago, modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty-six thousand years after that the
last Neanderthal died. At one time it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change,
but this theory has now been discounted. So why did the Neanderthals perish? Probably they were
killed by the humans.
a. Argument; conclusion: Then 50,000 years ago ... Europe from Africa.
b. Argument; conclusion: At one time it was thought ... now been discounted.
c. Argument; conclusion: Prior to their extinction ... 100,000 years.
d. Nonargument. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died.
e. Argument; conclusion: Probably they were killed by the humans.
ANS: E PTS: 2
3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce
melanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all
shades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strand
contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strand
will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows.
a. Argument; conclusion: The follicles ... cease to produce melanin.
b. Argument; conclusion: Hair turns color when we age.
c. Argument; conclusion: With age, the cells in the follicle ... die off.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: The darkness or lightness ... each strand contains.
ANS: D PTS: 2
4. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those
who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain
bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification.
21
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are
constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms.
22
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
Except in the Light of Evolution"
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: By contrast, the mechanisms ... study and clarification.
c. Argument; conclusion: Yet we are constantly ... evolutionary mechanisms.
d. Argument; conclusion: Evolution as a process ... blocks or to plain bigotry.
e. Argument; conclusion: There are no alternatives ... critical examination.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are
retrievable from the animals' fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history
museums. Such amounts of DNA make it possible to piece together the entire mammoth genome.
Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the not too distant future.
a. Argument; conclusion: A great deal of that fur ... natural history museums.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have recently shown ... animals' fur.
d. Argument; conclusion: We can expect to see ... in the not too distant future.
e. Argument; conclusion: Such amounts of DNA ... the entire mammoth genome.
ANS: D PTS: 2
6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, the
arctic icecap reflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by the
surrounding ocean, which increases its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arctic
ice melts.
a. Argument; conclusion: When this happens ... which increases its temperature.
b. Argument; conclusion: As the temperature of the ocean rises ... ice melts.
c. Argument; conclusion: The loss of arctic ice ... positive feedback.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: As arctic ice melts ... fewer rays from the sun.
ANS: C PTS: 2
7. If its ion engine operates as planned, its huge solar panel remains deployed and undamaged, and its
xenon energy source is not exhausted, then the Dawn spacecraft will reach both Vesta and Ceres (large
asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter), and scientists will gather information about the
formation of planets, whether Ceres has a buried ocean of fresh water, and whether vestiges of life lurk
beneath its icy surface.
a. Argument; conclusion: Its ion engine operates ... not exhausted.
b. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... Mars and Jupiter)
c. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... beneath its icy surface.
d. Argument; conclusion: Scientists will gather information ... formation of planets.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
8. To focus on the performance of the stock market is to zero in on an economic indicator that can do
well even as the country does poorly. In 2006, for instance, the Dow Jones industrial average hit highs.
According to the just released census data, however, median earnings fell one percent, and millions
more Americans entered the ranks of the uninsured. Indeed, from 2000 to 2007 the S&P 500 gained
more than 500 points. Meanwhile, the median household income fell by more than $900.
Ezra Klein, "Stock Split"
23
, A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
a. Argument; conclusion: According to the just released ... ranks of the uninsured.
b. Argument; conclusion: To focus on the performance ... the country does poorly.
24
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
Chapter 1 Test B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit the
range of political activity. More often than not, they are one-party states, which means that only one
party, that which supports the government, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussion
and association are strictly curtailed in these systems. Anyone who might dare to criticize the
government or to express ideas that are not in conformity with its policies can be severely punished,
even by death.
Robert A. Heineman, Political Science
a. Argument; conclusion: More often than not ... engage in political activity.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Authoritarian states ... limit the range of political activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: Anyone who might dare to criticize ... even by death.
e. Argument; conclusion: Free discussion and association ... in these systems.
ANS: B PTS: 2
2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000
years ago, modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty-six thousand years after that the
last Neanderthal died. At one time it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change,
but this theory has now been discounted. So why did the Neanderthals perish? Probably they were
killed by the humans.
a. Argument; conclusion: Then 50,000 years ago ... Europe from Africa.
b. Argument; conclusion: At one time it was thought ... now been discounted.
c. Argument; conclusion: Prior to their extinction ... 100,000 years.
d. Nonargument. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died.
e. Argument; conclusion: Probably they were killed by the humans.
ANS: E PTS: 2
3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce
melanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all
shades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strand
contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strand
will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows.
a. Argument; conclusion: The follicles ... cease to produce melanin.
b. Argument; conclusion: Hair turns color when we age.
c. Argument; conclusion: With age, the cells in the follicle ... die off.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: The darkness or lightness ... each strand contains.
ANS: D PTS: 2
4. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those
who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain
bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification.
21
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are
constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms.
22
,A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
Except in the Light of Evolution"
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: By contrast, the mechanisms ... study and clarification.
c. Argument; conclusion: Yet we are constantly ... evolutionary mechanisms.
d. Argument; conclusion: Evolution as a process ... blocks or to plain bigotry.
e. Argument; conclusion: There are no alternatives ... critical examination.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are
retrievable from the animals' fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history
museums. Such amounts of DNA make it possible to piece together the entire mammoth genome.
Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the not too distant future.
a. Argument; conclusion: A great deal of that fur ... natural history museums.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have recently shown ... animals' fur.
d. Argument; conclusion: We can expect to see ... in the not too distant future.
e. Argument; conclusion: Such amounts of DNA ... the entire mammoth genome.
ANS: D PTS: 2
6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, the
arctic icecap reflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by the
surrounding ocean, which increases its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arctic
ice melts.
a. Argument; conclusion: When this happens ... which increases its temperature.
b. Argument; conclusion: As the temperature of the ocean rises ... ice melts.
c. Argument; conclusion: The loss of arctic ice ... positive feedback.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: As arctic ice melts ... fewer rays from the sun.
ANS: C PTS: 2
7. If its ion engine operates as planned, its huge solar panel remains deployed and undamaged, and its
xenon energy source is not exhausted, then the Dawn spacecraft will reach both Vesta and Ceres (large
asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter), and scientists will gather information about the
formation of planets, whether Ceres has a buried ocean of fresh water, and whether vestiges of life lurk
beneath its icy surface.
a. Argument; conclusion: Its ion engine operates ... not exhausted.
b. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... Mars and Jupiter)
c. Argument; conclusion: The Dawn spacecraft ... beneath its icy surface.
d. Argument; conclusion: Scientists will gather information ... formation of planets.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
8. To focus on the performance of the stock market is to zero in on an economic indicator that can do
well even as the country does poorly. In 2006, for instance, the Dow Jones industrial average hit highs.
According to the just released census data, however, median earnings fell one percent, and millions
more Americans entered the ranks of the uninsured. Indeed, from 2000 to 2007 the S&P 500 gained
more than 500 points. Meanwhile, the median household income fell by more than $900.
Ezra Klein, "Stock Split"
23
, A Concise Introduction to Logic Test Bank 11th
Edition by PATRICK J. HURLEY Test Bank Graded
A+.
a. Argument; conclusion: According to the just released ... ranks of the uninsured.
b. Argument; conclusion: To focus on the performance ... the country does poorly.
24
