BIO 225 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
How do sensory receptors transmit their information - action potential or
release of neurotransmitter followed by an action potential. Answer - 1. There
is sensor stimulation (ex. bitter taste molecule)
2. stimulus is translated into Action Potential (common language of the
nervous system)
3. Action Potential travels to the brain where it is interpreted
Briefly describe each major type of receptor and what it responses to
(chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors,
nociceptors, electroreceptors, itch receptors and magnetoreceptors). Answer -
Chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals
Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical manipulation
Photoreceptors: respond to photons
Thermoreceptors: sensitive to heat and cold
Nociceptors: pain receptors
Electroreceptors: respond to electrical fields
,Itch receptors: respond to histamine
Magnetoreceptors: respond to electrical fields
Describe chemoreception using taste and smell receptors. Answer - FIND
How is "intensity" of a sensory signal sent to the CNS? That is, how would your
CNS distinguish a warm temperature signal from a hot temperature signal.
Answer - Frequency of Action Potential
Describe mechanoreception using the pacinian corpuscle and the statolith in
utricle/saccule. What is adaptation in the pacinian corpuscle. Answer - The
Pacinian corpuscle is used when pressure is applied the adaption is when after
pressure is applied and is continually applied you won't feel the pressure after
a while. Ex. Like when you sit you feel the seat and the pressure but then after
a little bit you don't notice nor feel the pressure.
6. Describe the ear structure from the perspective of hearing. Answer -
7. Outline place hypothesis of pitch discrimination in the human ear in
distinguishing between sounds of difference frequency (FM) as well as the
basis of how the ear detects loudness of sound. Also problems that can happen
when listening to really loud sounds. Answer - The place theory of pitch
perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are
sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. More specifically, the base of the
basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar
membrane responds best to low frequencies
How Do We Hear?
We hear sound because of vibrations (sound waves) that reach our ears. We
recognize those vibrations as speech, music, or other sounds.
, Outer Ear
The outer ear—the part of the ear you see—funnels sound waves into the ear
canal. The sound waves travel through the ear canal to reach the eardrum.
Middle Ear
The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these
vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones amplify, or
increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the inner ear.
Inner Ear
The inner ear contains a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid called the
cochlea. Sound vibrations create waves in the cochlear fluids. As the waves
peak, they cause tiny hair cells to bend, which converts the vibrations into
electrical signals. These tiny hair cells are called stereocilia (types of receptors
that can detect sound).
Auditory Nerve
The auditory nerve carries the electrical signals from the inner ear to the brain.
The brain interprets the signals as sound that you recognize and understand
Loud sounds can cause damage and hearing loss
8. Describe basic eye structure. Answer - Basic: cornea, iris pupil, retina (fovea,
blind spot)
Difference between rods and cones Answer - Rods: shades of gray vision at low
light intensities
Cones: vision at higher light intensities (color)
ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
How do sensory receptors transmit their information - action potential or
release of neurotransmitter followed by an action potential. Answer - 1. There
is sensor stimulation (ex. bitter taste molecule)
2. stimulus is translated into Action Potential (common language of the
nervous system)
3. Action Potential travels to the brain where it is interpreted
Briefly describe each major type of receptor and what it responses to
(chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors,
nociceptors, electroreceptors, itch receptors and magnetoreceptors). Answer -
Chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals
Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical manipulation
Photoreceptors: respond to photons
Thermoreceptors: sensitive to heat and cold
Nociceptors: pain receptors
Electroreceptors: respond to electrical fields
,Itch receptors: respond to histamine
Magnetoreceptors: respond to electrical fields
Describe chemoreception using taste and smell receptors. Answer - FIND
How is "intensity" of a sensory signal sent to the CNS? That is, how would your
CNS distinguish a warm temperature signal from a hot temperature signal.
Answer - Frequency of Action Potential
Describe mechanoreception using the pacinian corpuscle and the statolith in
utricle/saccule. What is adaptation in the pacinian corpuscle. Answer - The
Pacinian corpuscle is used when pressure is applied the adaption is when after
pressure is applied and is continually applied you won't feel the pressure after
a while. Ex. Like when you sit you feel the seat and the pressure but then after
a little bit you don't notice nor feel the pressure.
6. Describe the ear structure from the perspective of hearing. Answer -
7. Outline place hypothesis of pitch discrimination in the human ear in
distinguishing between sounds of difference frequency (FM) as well as the
basis of how the ear detects loudness of sound. Also problems that can happen
when listening to really loud sounds. Answer - The place theory of pitch
perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are
sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. More specifically, the base of the
basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar
membrane responds best to low frequencies
How Do We Hear?
We hear sound because of vibrations (sound waves) that reach our ears. We
recognize those vibrations as speech, music, or other sounds.
, Outer Ear
The outer ear—the part of the ear you see—funnels sound waves into the ear
canal. The sound waves travel through the ear canal to reach the eardrum.
Middle Ear
The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these
vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones amplify, or
increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the inner ear.
Inner Ear
The inner ear contains a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid called the
cochlea. Sound vibrations create waves in the cochlear fluids. As the waves
peak, they cause tiny hair cells to bend, which converts the vibrations into
electrical signals. These tiny hair cells are called stereocilia (types of receptors
that can detect sound).
Auditory Nerve
The auditory nerve carries the electrical signals from the inner ear to the brain.
The brain interprets the signals as sound that you recognize and understand
Loud sounds can cause damage and hearing loss
8. Describe basic eye structure. Answer - Basic: cornea, iris pupil, retina (fovea,
blind spot)
Difference between rods and cones Answer - Rods: shades of gray vision at low
light intensities
Cones: vision at higher light intensities (color)
