, High-Entropy Materials
Research in the feld of high-entropy materials is advancing rapidly. High-Entropy
Materials: Advances and Applications focuses on materials discovered using the
high-entropy alloys (HEA) strategy. It discusses various types of high-entropy
materials, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) HEAs,
flms and coatings, fbers, and powders and hard-cemented carbides, along with
current research status and applications:
• Describes, compositions and processing of high-entropy materials.
• Summarizes industrially valuable alloys found in high-entropy materials
that hold promise for promotion and application.
• Explains how high-entropy materials can be used in many felds and can
outperform traditional materials.
This book is aimed at researchers, advanced students, and academics in materials
science and engineering and related disciplines.
,Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov
The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting publica-
tions centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies. Attention is
paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential to solve pressing
societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to environmental protec-
tion, medicine, communications, energy, transportation, advanced manufacturing, and
related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy, ma-
terial, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide
pandemic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technolo-
gies is a highly interdisciplinary feld, with the need for researchers, professionals,
and academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines. The
main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials and
technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.
Functional Biomaterials
Advances in Design and Biomedical Applications
Anuj Kumar, Durgalakshmi Dhinasekaran, Irina Savina, and Sung Soo Han
Smart Nanomaterials
Imalka Munaweera and M. L. Chamalki Madhusha
Nanocosmetics
Drug Delivery Approaches, Applications and Regulatory Aspects
Edited by: Prashant Kesharwani and Sunil Kumar Dubey
Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites
Edited by Sumit Gupta, Vijay Chaudhary, and Pallav Gupta
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/
Emerging-Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT
,High-Entropy Materials
Advances and Applications
Yong Zhang
,First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 Yong Zhang
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-32391-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-33520-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-31998-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003319986
Typeset in Times LT Std
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
,Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................... ix
About the Author ...................................................................................................... xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Brief Introduction of High-Entropy Materials ..................................... 1
Yong Zhang
1.1 Origination of High-Entropy Alloys ......................................... 1
1.2 Entropy ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Core Effects ............................................................................... 4
1.3.1 High Entropy Effect ..................................................... 5
1.3.2 Slow Diffusion Effect................................................... 6
1.3.3 Lattice Distortion Effect............................................... 7
1.3.4 Cocktail Effect ............................................................. 8
1.4 Breaking the Trade-Off Between Strength
and Ductility.............................................................................. 9
1.5 Breaking the Performance Limits of Traditional
Materials...................................................................................12
1.6 Breaking the Trade-off Between the Physical
Properties and Mechanical Properties .....................................12
References .......................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2 FCC-Structured High-Entropy Materials ...........................................15
Yong Zhang and Changwei Li
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................15
2.2 GS101........................................................................................15
2.3 GS102 .......................................................................................19
2.4 Other Face-Centered Cubic High-Entropy
Alloys....................................................................................... 20
References .......................................................................................... 27
Chapter 3 BCC-Structured High-Entropy Materials .......................................... 29
Yong Zhang and Fangfei Liu
3.1 Production Methods of BCC HEAs ........................................ 29
3.1.1 Solid-State Mixing ..................................................... 29
3.1.2 Liquid-State Mixing....................................................31
3.1.3 Gas-State Mixing ....................................................... 34
3.2 Mechanical Behavior of BCC HEAs........................................35
v
,vi Contents
3.2.1 Hardness and Compression Behavior
of BCC HEAs..............................................................35
3.2.2 Tensile Behavior of BCC HEAs................................. 36
3.3 Strengthening of BCC HEAs .................................................. 36
3.3.1 Grain-Boundary Strengthening...................................37
3.3.2 Solid-Solution Strengthening ......................................37
3.4 Particle Strengthening ..............................................................37
3.4.1 TRIP Effect .................................................................37
3.4.2 Eutectic HEAs............................................................ 38
3.4.3 Strengthening by Fine Particles ................................. 38
3.5 Special Performance and Application of
BCC HEAs .............................................................................. 38
3.5.1 Mechanical Behaviors of BCC HEAs at
High Temperatures ..................................................... 38
3.5.2 Self-Sharpening...........................................................39
3.5.3 Oxidation.................................................................... 40
3.5.4 Corrosion.................................................................... 40
3.5.5 Irradiation....................................................................41
References .......................................................................................... 42
Chapter 4 Multiple-Phase High-Entropy Materials ............................................ 49
Yong Zhang and Shichao Zhou
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 49
4.2 Microstructures And Properties Of Duplex-Phase
HEAs ....................................................................................... 49
4.3 Irradiation Behavior of Duplex-Phase HEAs ...........................57
4.4 Eutectic HEAs ..........................................................................58
References .......................................................................................... 66
Chapter 5 High-Entropy Films and Coating....................................................... 69
Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 69
5.2 The Defnition of High-Entropy Films .................................... 69
5.3 The Preparation Methods of High-Entropy Films ...................70
5.4 Several Typical High-Entropy Films ........................................71
5.4.1 High-Hardness Films: Microstructure and
Properties of AlCrFeNiTiNX Films.............................71
5.4.2 Thermal Stability Films: Microstructure
and Properties of NbTiAlSiWXNY Films....................73
5.4.3 Compositional Gradient Films ....................................74
5.4.4 Flexible Wrinkle-Structured Films ............................ 77
5.5 Outlook .................................................................................... 77
References .......................................................................................... 79
,Contents vii
Chapter 6 High-Entropy Fibers............................................................................81
Yong Zhang and Ruixuan Li
6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................81
6.2 HEA Fibers Prepared by Hot-Drawing ....................................81
6.3 HEA Fibers Prepared by Cold-Drawing ................................. 84
6.4 HEA Fibers Prepared by the Taylor-Ulitovsky
Method..................................................................................... 86
6.5 Summary and Prospect ........................................................... 88
References .......................................................................................... 89
Chapter 7 High-Entropy Powder and Hard-Cemented Carbide Alloys...............91
Yong Zhang and Yuxin Wen
7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................91
7.2 Powder Processing....................................................................91
7.2.1 Mechanical Alloying of Ball Mill.............................. 92
7.2.2 Aerosol Method (EIGA and VIGA) ........................... 92
7.3 Processing of High-Entropy Cemented Carbides GS201
and GS301 ............................................................................... 97
7.3.1 Processing of High-Entropy Alloys GS201
and GS301 ................................................................ 100
7.3.2 Processing of High-Entropy Cemented
Carbides GS201 and GS301 ......................................101
References ........................................................................................ 104
Chapter 8 High-Entropy Ceramics and Intermetallic Compounds ...................105
Yong Zhang and Yaqi Wu
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................105
8.2 Classifcation of High-Entropy Ceramics according to
Chemical Composition ...........................................................105
8.2.1 High-Entropy Oxide of Rock Salt Structure .............106
8.2.2 Fluorite Structure High-Entropy Oxide ....................107
8.3 Carbides..................................................................................108
8.4 Nitrites ....................................................................................109
8.5 Synthesis and Preparation Methods ....................................... 111
8.5.1 Powder ....................................................................... 111
8.5.2 Bulk ...........................................................................112
8.5.3 Thin Films and Thick Coatings ................................113
8.6 Properties and Potential Applications ....................................113
8.6.1 High-Entropy Ceramic Coatings............................... 114
8.6.2 Thermoelectrics.........................................................115
8.6.3 Catalysts ....................................................................115
References ........................................................................................ 116
,viii Contents
Chapter 9 High-Entropy Polymers and Entropic Materials...............................125
Yong Zhang and Yuanying Yue
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................125
9.2 High-Entropy Polymer ...........................................................126
9.2.1 Physical Blending ......................................................127
9.2.2 Chemical Blending....................................................127
9.3 High-Entropy Concept Is Extended to HEPs .........................128
9.4 High-Entropy Composition Materials ....................................131
9.5 Summary ................................................................................132
9.6 Conficts of Interest ................................................................132
References ........................................................................................ 132
Chapter 10 Future and Applications ....................................................................135
Yong Zhang and Xinfang Song
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................135
10.2 Lightweight Alloys .................................................................135
10.3 Superalloys .............................................................................135
10.4 Soft Magnetic Materials .........................................................138
10.5 Radiation-Resistant Materials ................................................138
References ........................................................................................ 140
Index.......................................................................................................................141
, Preface
Materials science is mainly focused on the relationship between microstructures and
properties. The properties of a material are determined by the combination of com-
ponents, atomic arrangement, and internal microstructures. Entropy, as a parameter
in thermodynamics and statistics, represents the spontaneous evolution direction,
arrangement of the components in the space, and disorder or chaos, which also indi-
cates the structures. According to Shannon, entropy is inversely proportional to the
amount of information, which actually refects information as well; actually, struc-
tures represent the information. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are developed new
materials from the point of view of the chemical disorder.
The unique properties are permanent pursuits for human beings. The unique proper-
ties are defnitely related to the special microstructures of the materials. To realize the
special microstructures, two typical strategies are usually used. One is to adjust the
compositions; here, we are using the high-entropy compositions, which may make the
microstructures special and complex (e.g., adjustable lattice distortion; face-centered
cubic (FCC) to body-centered cubic (BCC) with changed Al content; lower stacking-
fault energy, making the twinning and phase change easy during the plastic deformation
at cryogenic temperature and high strain rate loading; and the high-entropy composi-
tion also makes the dislocation moving peculiar). Another is to use techniques such as
fsh-bone and dendrite morphology obtained by using the Bridgman solidifcation tech-
nique; bionic bamboo fber by using cold-drawing methods; and bamboo-joint-struc-
tured Cu alloy fber with shape memory effects and superelastic strain limits prepared
by glass-coating through the Taylor technique. This is breaking through the limitation
of material primitives and breaking the performance limits of traditional materials, such
as overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off. Professor Zhang’s research group pre-
pared remarkable toughening high-entropy alloy wire with a bionic bamboo-fber-het-
erogeneous (BFH) structure. They have successfully introduced a bionic BFH structure
into an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy by the cold-drawing process. The
BFH wires possess an extraordinary synergism of strength and ductility.
The frst chapter of this book is written by Professor Zhang, which mainly dis-
cusses the origination of high-entropy alloys and high-entropy materials; Changwei
Li mainly introduces the FCC high-entropy alloys of GS101, GS102, and CoCrFeNi
series in Chapter 2. In the third chapter, Fangfei Liu introduces BCC HEAs from
production methods, mechanical behavior, strengthening, special performance, and
application aspects. Shichao Zhou discusses the microstructures and properties of
duplex-phase HEAs, the irradiation behavior of duplex-phase HEAs, and eutectic
HEAs in Chapter 4. Chapter 5, by Xuehui Yan, introduces the processing of high-
entropy flms and coating (e.g., sputtering, laser cladding), the properties of the high-
entropy flms, and the compositional gradient flms. Ruixuan Li summarizes the
preparation methods and properties of HEA fbers and gives an outlook on their future
development in Chapter 6. Chapter 7, written by Yuxin Wen, discusses the process-
ing of powder technology. This chapter includes mechanical alloying by ball milling,
EIGA, and VIGA; the processing of high-entropy alloys, GS201 (AlCoCrFeNiTi0.2),
ix
Research in the feld of high-entropy materials is advancing rapidly. High-Entropy
Materials: Advances and Applications focuses on materials discovered using the
high-entropy alloys (HEA) strategy. It discusses various types of high-entropy
materials, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) HEAs,
flms and coatings, fbers, and powders and hard-cemented carbides, along with
current research status and applications:
• Describes, compositions and processing of high-entropy materials.
• Summarizes industrially valuable alloys found in high-entropy materials
that hold promise for promotion and application.
• Explains how high-entropy materials can be used in many felds and can
outperform traditional materials.
This book is aimed at researchers, advanced students, and academics in materials
science and engineering and related disciplines.
,Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov
The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting publica-
tions centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies. Attention is
paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential to solve pressing
societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to environmental protec-
tion, medicine, communications, energy, transportation, advanced manufacturing, and
related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy, ma-
terial, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide
pandemic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technolo-
gies is a highly interdisciplinary feld, with the need for researchers, professionals,
and academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines. The
main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials and
technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.
Functional Biomaterials
Advances in Design and Biomedical Applications
Anuj Kumar, Durgalakshmi Dhinasekaran, Irina Savina, and Sung Soo Han
Smart Nanomaterials
Imalka Munaweera and M. L. Chamalki Madhusha
Nanocosmetics
Drug Delivery Approaches, Applications and Regulatory Aspects
Edited by: Prashant Kesharwani and Sunil Kumar Dubey
Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites
Edited by Sumit Gupta, Vijay Chaudhary, and Pallav Gupta
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/
Emerging-Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT
,High-Entropy Materials
Advances and Applications
Yong Zhang
,First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 Yong Zhang
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-32391-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-33520-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-31998-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003319986
Typeset in Times LT Std
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
,Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................... ix
About the Author ...................................................................................................... xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Brief Introduction of High-Entropy Materials ..................................... 1
Yong Zhang
1.1 Origination of High-Entropy Alloys ......................................... 1
1.2 Entropy ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Core Effects ............................................................................... 4
1.3.1 High Entropy Effect ..................................................... 5
1.3.2 Slow Diffusion Effect................................................... 6
1.3.3 Lattice Distortion Effect............................................... 7
1.3.4 Cocktail Effect ............................................................. 8
1.4 Breaking the Trade-Off Between Strength
and Ductility.............................................................................. 9
1.5 Breaking the Performance Limits of Traditional
Materials...................................................................................12
1.6 Breaking the Trade-off Between the Physical
Properties and Mechanical Properties .....................................12
References .......................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2 FCC-Structured High-Entropy Materials ...........................................15
Yong Zhang and Changwei Li
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................15
2.2 GS101........................................................................................15
2.3 GS102 .......................................................................................19
2.4 Other Face-Centered Cubic High-Entropy
Alloys....................................................................................... 20
References .......................................................................................... 27
Chapter 3 BCC-Structured High-Entropy Materials .......................................... 29
Yong Zhang and Fangfei Liu
3.1 Production Methods of BCC HEAs ........................................ 29
3.1.1 Solid-State Mixing ..................................................... 29
3.1.2 Liquid-State Mixing....................................................31
3.1.3 Gas-State Mixing ....................................................... 34
3.2 Mechanical Behavior of BCC HEAs........................................35
v
,vi Contents
3.2.1 Hardness and Compression Behavior
of BCC HEAs..............................................................35
3.2.2 Tensile Behavior of BCC HEAs................................. 36
3.3 Strengthening of BCC HEAs .................................................. 36
3.3.1 Grain-Boundary Strengthening...................................37
3.3.2 Solid-Solution Strengthening ......................................37
3.4 Particle Strengthening ..............................................................37
3.4.1 TRIP Effect .................................................................37
3.4.2 Eutectic HEAs............................................................ 38
3.4.3 Strengthening by Fine Particles ................................. 38
3.5 Special Performance and Application of
BCC HEAs .............................................................................. 38
3.5.1 Mechanical Behaviors of BCC HEAs at
High Temperatures ..................................................... 38
3.5.2 Self-Sharpening...........................................................39
3.5.3 Oxidation.................................................................... 40
3.5.4 Corrosion.................................................................... 40
3.5.5 Irradiation....................................................................41
References .......................................................................................... 42
Chapter 4 Multiple-Phase High-Entropy Materials ............................................ 49
Yong Zhang and Shichao Zhou
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 49
4.2 Microstructures And Properties Of Duplex-Phase
HEAs ....................................................................................... 49
4.3 Irradiation Behavior of Duplex-Phase HEAs ...........................57
4.4 Eutectic HEAs ..........................................................................58
References .......................................................................................... 66
Chapter 5 High-Entropy Films and Coating....................................................... 69
Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 69
5.2 The Defnition of High-Entropy Films .................................... 69
5.3 The Preparation Methods of High-Entropy Films ...................70
5.4 Several Typical High-Entropy Films ........................................71
5.4.1 High-Hardness Films: Microstructure and
Properties of AlCrFeNiTiNX Films.............................71
5.4.2 Thermal Stability Films: Microstructure
and Properties of NbTiAlSiWXNY Films....................73
5.4.3 Compositional Gradient Films ....................................74
5.4.4 Flexible Wrinkle-Structured Films ............................ 77
5.5 Outlook .................................................................................... 77
References .......................................................................................... 79
,Contents vii
Chapter 6 High-Entropy Fibers............................................................................81
Yong Zhang and Ruixuan Li
6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................81
6.2 HEA Fibers Prepared by Hot-Drawing ....................................81
6.3 HEA Fibers Prepared by Cold-Drawing ................................. 84
6.4 HEA Fibers Prepared by the Taylor-Ulitovsky
Method..................................................................................... 86
6.5 Summary and Prospect ........................................................... 88
References .......................................................................................... 89
Chapter 7 High-Entropy Powder and Hard-Cemented Carbide Alloys...............91
Yong Zhang and Yuxin Wen
7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................91
7.2 Powder Processing....................................................................91
7.2.1 Mechanical Alloying of Ball Mill.............................. 92
7.2.2 Aerosol Method (EIGA and VIGA) ........................... 92
7.3 Processing of High-Entropy Cemented Carbides GS201
and GS301 ............................................................................... 97
7.3.1 Processing of High-Entropy Alloys GS201
and GS301 ................................................................ 100
7.3.2 Processing of High-Entropy Cemented
Carbides GS201 and GS301 ......................................101
References ........................................................................................ 104
Chapter 8 High-Entropy Ceramics and Intermetallic Compounds ...................105
Yong Zhang and Yaqi Wu
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................105
8.2 Classifcation of High-Entropy Ceramics according to
Chemical Composition ...........................................................105
8.2.1 High-Entropy Oxide of Rock Salt Structure .............106
8.2.2 Fluorite Structure High-Entropy Oxide ....................107
8.3 Carbides..................................................................................108
8.4 Nitrites ....................................................................................109
8.5 Synthesis and Preparation Methods ....................................... 111
8.5.1 Powder ....................................................................... 111
8.5.2 Bulk ...........................................................................112
8.5.3 Thin Films and Thick Coatings ................................113
8.6 Properties and Potential Applications ....................................113
8.6.1 High-Entropy Ceramic Coatings............................... 114
8.6.2 Thermoelectrics.........................................................115
8.6.3 Catalysts ....................................................................115
References ........................................................................................ 116
,viii Contents
Chapter 9 High-Entropy Polymers and Entropic Materials...............................125
Yong Zhang and Yuanying Yue
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................125
9.2 High-Entropy Polymer ...........................................................126
9.2.1 Physical Blending ......................................................127
9.2.2 Chemical Blending....................................................127
9.3 High-Entropy Concept Is Extended to HEPs .........................128
9.4 High-Entropy Composition Materials ....................................131
9.5 Summary ................................................................................132
9.6 Conficts of Interest ................................................................132
References ........................................................................................ 132
Chapter 10 Future and Applications ....................................................................135
Yong Zhang and Xinfang Song
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................135
10.2 Lightweight Alloys .................................................................135
10.3 Superalloys .............................................................................135
10.4 Soft Magnetic Materials .........................................................138
10.5 Radiation-Resistant Materials ................................................138
References ........................................................................................ 140
Index.......................................................................................................................141
, Preface
Materials science is mainly focused on the relationship between microstructures and
properties. The properties of a material are determined by the combination of com-
ponents, atomic arrangement, and internal microstructures. Entropy, as a parameter
in thermodynamics and statistics, represents the spontaneous evolution direction,
arrangement of the components in the space, and disorder or chaos, which also indi-
cates the structures. According to Shannon, entropy is inversely proportional to the
amount of information, which actually refects information as well; actually, struc-
tures represent the information. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are developed new
materials from the point of view of the chemical disorder.
The unique properties are permanent pursuits for human beings. The unique proper-
ties are defnitely related to the special microstructures of the materials. To realize the
special microstructures, two typical strategies are usually used. One is to adjust the
compositions; here, we are using the high-entropy compositions, which may make the
microstructures special and complex (e.g., adjustable lattice distortion; face-centered
cubic (FCC) to body-centered cubic (BCC) with changed Al content; lower stacking-
fault energy, making the twinning and phase change easy during the plastic deformation
at cryogenic temperature and high strain rate loading; and the high-entropy composi-
tion also makes the dislocation moving peculiar). Another is to use techniques such as
fsh-bone and dendrite morphology obtained by using the Bridgman solidifcation tech-
nique; bionic bamboo fber by using cold-drawing methods; and bamboo-joint-struc-
tured Cu alloy fber with shape memory effects and superelastic strain limits prepared
by glass-coating through the Taylor technique. This is breaking through the limitation
of material primitives and breaking the performance limits of traditional materials, such
as overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off. Professor Zhang’s research group pre-
pared remarkable toughening high-entropy alloy wire with a bionic bamboo-fber-het-
erogeneous (BFH) structure. They have successfully introduced a bionic BFH structure
into an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy by the cold-drawing process. The
BFH wires possess an extraordinary synergism of strength and ductility.
The frst chapter of this book is written by Professor Zhang, which mainly dis-
cusses the origination of high-entropy alloys and high-entropy materials; Changwei
Li mainly introduces the FCC high-entropy alloys of GS101, GS102, and CoCrFeNi
series in Chapter 2. In the third chapter, Fangfei Liu introduces BCC HEAs from
production methods, mechanical behavior, strengthening, special performance, and
application aspects. Shichao Zhou discusses the microstructures and properties of
duplex-phase HEAs, the irradiation behavior of duplex-phase HEAs, and eutectic
HEAs in Chapter 4. Chapter 5, by Xuehui Yan, introduces the processing of high-
entropy flms and coating (e.g., sputtering, laser cladding), the properties of the high-
entropy flms, and the compositional gradient flms. Ruixuan Li summarizes the
preparation methods and properties of HEA fbers and gives an outlook on their future
development in Chapter 6. Chapter 7, written by Yuxin Wen, discusses the process-
ing of powder technology. This chapter includes mechanical alloying by ball milling,
EIGA, and VIGA; the processing of high-entropy alloys, GS201 (AlCoCrFeNiTi0.2),
ix
