BIO 255 EXAM 3 Questions and Answers

BIO 255 EXAM 3 Questions and Answers The parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system The subdivision of the nervous system innervating skeletal muscles is called the somatic nervous system Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons and affect neuron signalling via gap junctions astrocytes The cells that myelinate neurons of the peripheral nervous system are Schwann cells Motor neurons are ____ and sensory neurons are ____. efferent, afferent Most neurons in the body are interneurons The substance released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) neurotransmitter In a synapse, synaptic vesicles are released from the presynaptic axon Damaged neurons can be repaired in the peripheral nervous system only if both their axons and Schwann cells are intact The exterior of your cerebrum consists of gray matter Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration and secretion of the blood at the choroid plexuses The posterior white column of the spinal cord sends sensations of touch, pressure, and body movement to the brain Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? fiber tracts An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not name it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the visual association area Which cerebral hemisphere is usually associated with artistic and muscial abilities? right Myelinated fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres to the rest of the brain and the spinal cord are called projection fibers In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system has two efferent neurons The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following EXCEPT Pacinian corpuscles The covering of individual nerve fibers is the endoneurium A neuron carrying information from the pancreas to the central nervous system would be visceral afferent A fracture of the ethmoid bone would result in damage to which cranial nerve? olfactory Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the sacral plexus Visceral muscle and glands are innervated by the autonomic nervous system The "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) stretch reflex Which effects do you expect to encounter as you age? Muscle tone decreases and sensory receptors atrophy Your thalamus does NOT process information from your olfactory receptor cells Which is NOT a cranial nerve involved in a pathway for taste? hypoglossal The lacrimal caruncle produces a whitish oily secretion also known as the Sandman's eye sand when dry The extrinsic eye muscles move the eyeballs The lateral rectus muscles move the eye ____ and are controlled by the ____ cranial nerve. laterally, abducens Light passes through the following structures in which order? cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor There are three layers of neurons in the retina. Which cells detect dim light and are used for peripheral vision? rod cells Which supplies blood to all the eye tunics except the central two-thirds of the retina? choroid vessels The ciliary body produces fluids flowing to the aqueous humor Crystalin is the transparent protein of lens fibers The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the thalamus Which directly experiences both increases and decreases in pressure as the stapes presses on the oval window? scala vestibuli The oval window is connected directly to which passageway? scala vestibuli The embryonic eye develops mostly from ____, but the fibrous and vascular tunics are derived from ____. ectoderm, mesoderm Mobob was taken to the hospital ER with radiating pain down from his left shoulder into his arm. His doctor said he was suffering a heart attack. Why was he feeling the pain in his left shoulder and arm? This is known as referred pain, which occurs because the heart damage causes impulses to be generated in the same nerves that bring sensory information from the arm and thorax The cranial nerve deadened when the dentist uses Novocain prior to drilling is the (actually it is a branch of it) trigeminal The term peripheral nervous system refers to the peripheral nerves The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) axon Schwann cells are functionally similar to oligodendrocytes Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibral nodes) are found between the oligodendrocyte extensions wrapping a fiber/between schwann cells Neurons consisting of several dendrites and one axon are called multipolar A bundle of afferent and efferent myelinated neuron fibers in the peripheral nervous system is called a nerve An action potential is when a neuron sends an impulse from dendrite to axon The nervous system is derived from the ectoderm White matter of the central nervous system includes mostly myelinated fibers The anterior grey horn of the spinal cord contains motor neuron cell bodies stimulating skeletal muscle The anterior and lateral white columns of the spinal cord send sensations of pain and temperature to the brain, as well as sensations necessary to coordinate movement A shallow groove on the surface of the cerebral cortex is called a sulcus The primary motor area is in which lobe of the cerebrum? frontal Which cerebral hemisphere is usually associated with numeric and scientific skills? left The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure are located in the medulla oblongata Which is NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system? skeletal muscle The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia near the effector organs and by short postganglionic fibers All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons Which is an encapsulated sensory receptor? Pacinian corpuscle The covering of bundles of nerve fibers is the perineurium Nerves that only carry impulses toward the CNS only are afferent nerves A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. He can chew and swallow normally. Which cranial nerve has been damaged? facial Which contains the sciatic nerve, the longest and thickest nerve in the body? sacral plexus If a nerve serves a muscle producing movement at a joint, then the nerve innervates the joint and overlying skin Basic reflexes may be modified by learned behavior Which do you expect would work less efficiently with aging? Merkel's disks Your sense of taste is normally stimulated by substances in solution Which taste bud cell type is a dynamic stem cell type? basal cells The tarsal glands produce sebum that prevents eyelids from adhering to one another Damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect the ability to look directly at the end of your nose Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope? optic chiasma There are three layers of neurons in the retina. Which cells detect only bright light and are used for high-acuity color vision? cone cells The outer one-third of the neural retina receives blood via the choroid vessels The scleral venous sinus drains the aqueous humor to the blood Which differentiate(s) to form lens fibers? lens epithelium Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the otoliths The hearing receptor is the spiral organ (of Corti) Sobob is five year old boy. He goes to the ER with symptoms of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes. He is diagnosed with poliomyelitis, caused by a virus that attacks anterior horn motor neurons. What will be the result of this infection, even if the progression of the disease is halted by medical treatment? He will lose some ability to stimulate his skeletal muscles Ciliary muscles round your lens Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons and guide neuron migration in development are astrocytes Oligodendrocytes wrapping cellular processes around axons produce the myelin sheath Clusters of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system are called ganglia The wave of electrical charge flowing through a neuron transmitting an impulse is called a(n) action potential The exterior of your spinal cord consists of white matter Cerebrospinal fluid is resorbed to the blood at the arachnoid villi The spinal cord has gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root The fissure separating the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the longitudinal fissure The hypothalamus works as the body's thermostat because it regulates temperature