Nagelhout EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST 2026-2027 NEW VERSION
Pharmacokinetic analysis - answer>>>= drug absorption and distribution, describes
the onset time and magnitude of response
Drug elimination kinetic analysis - answer>>>= describes the duration of the tissue
response
Do agonists typically cause up or down regulation? - answer>>>down regulation
(desensitization)
Do antagonists typically cause up or down regulation? - answer>>>up regulation
(increases sensitivity)
Where is the primary regulator of onset-offset drug response? - answer>>>the drug
receptor subunit site
What are the types of chemical bonds and attractive forces possible between
molecules?
List them in order from strongest to weakest. - answer>>>1. covalent (- is
noncompetitive binding)
2. ionic
3. hydrogen
4. hydrophobic
5. van der Waals
What are the 3 common properties of receptors? - answer>>>1. sensitivity
= drug response occurs at low conc.
2. selectivity
= effect produced by structurally similar chemicals
, -
3. specificity
= the response from a given set of receptors is always the same bc the cells
themselves determine the response
What are acceptors? Give examples. - answer>>>= endogenous proteins that
provide alternative drug binding sites, thereby decreasing the amt of unbound drug
available for receptor complexing
Ex: albumin --> has multiple sites, generally binds to acidic drugs
Ex: alpha1 acid glycoprotein and beta-globulin --> typically bind basic drugs
Efficacy - answer>>>can the drug produce the desired effect?
What 4 things do dose-response curves allow you to determine? - answer>>>1.
affinity (potency)
2. efficacy
3. variability
4. slope
What does it mean if you have a steep slope on your dose-response curve? -
answer>>>- small margin of error
- small therapeutic window
What does if mean if the dose-response curve is shifted to the right? When might
this happen? - answer>>>- decreased potency
could happen d/t:
1. presence of competitive antagonist after desensitization
, 2. represents an agonist with a lower receptor affinity (Ka) or potency
What does it mean if the dose-response curve is shifted to the left? When might this
happen? - answer>>>- higher potency
- represents an agonist with higher receptor affinity or potency
Therapeutic range - answer>>>dose range between the toxic threshold and the sub-
therapeutic threshold
(margin of safety)
Pharmacology - answer>>>the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - answer>>>study of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
elimination of drugs
Pharmaceutics - answer>>>the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharmacoeconomics - answer>>>the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - answer>>>the study of harmful effects of chemicals
Pharmacognosy - answer>>>the study of medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
ex: botox, digitalis, atropine, opium
Pharmacy - answer>>>the preparation and dispensing of drugs
Pharmacogenetics - answer>>>genetic influences by and on drugs
ANSWERS LATEST 2026-2027 NEW VERSION
Pharmacokinetic analysis - answer>>>= drug absorption and distribution, describes
the onset time and magnitude of response
Drug elimination kinetic analysis - answer>>>= describes the duration of the tissue
response
Do agonists typically cause up or down regulation? - answer>>>down regulation
(desensitization)
Do antagonists typically cause up or down regulation? - answer>>>up regulation
(increases sensitivity)
Where is the primary regulator of onset-offset drug response? - answer>>>the drug
receptor subunit site
What are the types of chemical bonds and attractive forces possible between
molecules?
List them in order from strongest to weakest. - answer>>>1. covalent (- is
noncompetitive binding)
2. ionic
3. hydrogen
4. hydrophobic
5. van der Waals
What are the 3 common properties of receptors? - answer>>>1. sensitivity
= drug response occurs at low conc.
2. selectivity
= effect produced by structurally similar chemicals
, -
3. specificity
= the response from a given set of receptors is always the same bc the cells
themselves determine the response
What are acceptors? Give examples. - answer>>>= endogenous proteins that
provide alternative drug binding sites, thereby decreasing the amt of unbound drug
available for receptor complexing
Ex: albumin --> has multiple sites, generally binds to acidic drugs
Ex: alpha1 acid glycoprotein and beta-globulin --> typically bind basic drugs
Efficacy - answer>>>can the drug produce the desired effect?
What 4 things do dose-response curves allow you to determine? - answer>>>1.
affinity (potency)
2. efficacy
3. variability
4. slope
What does it mean if you have a steep slope on your dose-response curve? -
answer>>>- small margin of error
- small therapeutic window
What does if mean if the dose-response curve is shifted to the right? When might
this happen? - answer>>>- decreased potency
could happen d/t:
1. presence of competitive antagonist after desensitization
, 2. represents an agonist with a lower receptor affinity (Ka) or potency
What does it mean if the dose-response curve is shifted to the left? When might this
happen? - answer>>>- higher potency
- represents an agonist with higher receptor affinity or potency
Therapeutic range - answer>>>dose range between the toxic threshold and the sub-
therapeutic threshold
(margin of safety)
Pharmacology - answer>>>the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - answer>>>study of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
elimination of drugs
Pharmaceutics - answer>>>the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharmacoeconomics - answer>>>the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - answer>>>the study of harmful effects of chemicals
Pharmacognosy - answer>>>the study of medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
ex: botox, digitalis, atropine, opium
Pharmacy - answer>>>the preparation and dispensing of drugs
Pharmacogenetics - answer>>>genetic influences by and on drugs
