NURS 5315 Advanced Patho FINAL Exam STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. What ABG value is consistent with a patient in respiratory distress breathing
33 breaths per minute? - ANSWER ✔ PCO2 15, indicating hyperventilation
and respiratory alkalosis.
2. What is the likely cause of disorientation and lethargy in a patient with a
sodium level of 115 mEq/L? - ANSWER ✔ Water has shifted into the
neurons, causing them to swell.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance should be monitored in a patient experiencing
dehydration? - ANSWER ✔ Hyperkalemia, due to increased serum
osmolality pulling potassium into the intravascular space.
4. What is the chance that a baby will inherit an autosomal recessive disease if
one parent has the disease and the other is heterozygous? - ANSWER ✔
25% chance of having the disease.
5. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in each human cell? -
ANSWER ✔ 23 pairs, totaling 46 chromosomes.
6. What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes known as? - ANSWER ✔
Autosomes.
,7. What genetic information does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine? -
ANSWER ✔ The genetic information for gender.
8. What chromosome pair do females have? - ANSWER ✔ Two X
chromosomes (XX).
9. What chromosome pair do males have? - ANSWER ✔ One X and one Y
chromosome (XY).
10.What process separates chromosomes into two identical sets during cell
division? - ANSWER ✔ Mitosis or meiosis.
11.What is the significance of chromosomes during cell division? - ANSWER
✔ They transfer genetic information to daughter cells.
12.What happens to neurons during hypernatremia? - ANSWER ✔ Water shifts
out of the cell into the intravascular space, causing dehydration of the
neurons.
13.What is the pH value indicative of respiratory alkalosis? - ANSWER ✔ A
pH greater than 7.45.
14.What is the expected effect of hyperventilation on CO2 levels? - ANSWER
✔ It results in low PCO2 levels.
,15.What is the relationship between serum osmolality and potassium during
dehydration? - ANSWER ✔ Increased serum osmolality causes potassium to
shift into the intravascular space.
16.Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER ✔ Peritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
17.The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
ANSWER ✔ 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
18.What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER ✔ Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
19.What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER ✔ Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
20.How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER ✔ 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
, 4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
21.action potential - ANSWER ✔ Process of conducting an impulse. Activates
the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
22.Threshold potential - ANSWER ✔ Point at which depolarization must reach
in order to initiate an action potential
23.Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER ✔ HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
24.Which of the following best describes respiration?
A) The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs
B) The exchange of gases between the environment and the cells of the
body
C) The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm
D) The movement of oxygen into the lungs through the trachea -
ANSWER ✔ B) The exchange of gases between the environment and
the cells of the body
Rationale: Respiration is a biochemical process that involves gas exchange
at the cellular level, including both external and internal respiration.
25.What is the primary driver of ventilation?
A) Diffusion of gases across the alveoli
B) Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
C) Hemoglobin saturation levels
D) Carbonic anhydrase activity in red blood cells - ANSWER ✔ B)
Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. What ABG value is consistent with a patient in respiratory distress breathing
33 breaths per minute? - ANSWER ✔ PCO2 15, indicating hyperventilation
and respiratory alkalosis.
2. What is the likely cause of disorientation and lethargy in a patient with a
sodium level of 115 mEq/L? - ANSWER ✔ Water has shifted into the
neurons, causing them to swell.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance should be monitored in a patient experiencing
dehydration? - ANSWER ✔ Hyperkalemia, due to increased serum
osmolality pulling potassium into the intravascular space.
4. What is the chance that a baby will inherit an autosomal recessive disease if
one parent has the disease and the other is heterozygous? - ANSWER ✔
25% chance of having the disease.
5. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in each human cell? -
ANSWER ✔ 23 pairs, totaling 46 chromosomes.
6. What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes known as? - ANSWER ✔
Autosomes.
,7. What genetic information does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine? -
ANSWER ✔ The genetic information for gender.
8. What chromosome pair do females have? - ANSWER ✔ Two X
chromosomes (XX).
9. What chromosome pair do males have? - ANSWER ✔ One X and one Y
chromosome (XY).
10.What process separates chromosomes into two identical sets during cell
division? - ANSWER ✔ Mitosis or meiosis.
11.What is the significance of chromosomes during cell division? - ANSWER
✔ They transfer genetic information to daughter cells.
12.What happens to neurons during hypernatremia? - ANSWER ✔ Water shifts
out of the cell into the intravascular space, causing dehydration of the
neurons.
13.What is the pH value indicative of respiratory alkalosis? - ANSWER ✔ A
pH greater than 7.45.
14.What is the expected effect of hyperventilation on CO2 levels? - ANSWER
✔ It results in low PCO2 levels.
,15.What is the relationship between serum osmolality and potassium during
dehydration? - ANSWER ✔ Increased serum osmolality causes potassium to
shift into the intravascular space.
16.Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER ✔ Peritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
17.The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
ANSWER ✔ 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
18.What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER ✔ Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease,
HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
19.What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER ✔ Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
20.How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER ✔ 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
, 4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
21.action potential - ANSWER ✔ Process of conducting an impulse. Activates
the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
22.Threshold potential - ANSWER ✔ Point at which depolarization must reach
in order to initiate an action potential
23.Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER ✔ HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
24.Which of the following best describes respiration?
A) The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs
B) The exchange of gases between the environment and the cells of the
body
C) The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm
D) The movement of oxygen into the lungs through the trachea -
ANSWER ✔ B) The exchange of gases between the environment and
the cells of the body
Rationale: Respiration is a biochemical process that involves gas exchange
at the cellular level, including both external and internal respiration.
25.What is the primary driver of ventilation?
A) Diffusion of gases across the alveoli
B) Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
C) Hemoglobin saturation levels
D) Carbonic anhydrase activity in red blood cells - ANSWER ✔ B)
Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
