NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 3 STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Cardiac Blood Flow - ANSWER ✔ o From body
• Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
• To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
• Back to body
2. Cardiac Anatomy - ANSWER ✔ The heart is the size of a closed fist
,3. 2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
4. heart layers - ANSWER ✔ Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
5. Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - ANSWER ✔ rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
6. Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - ANSWER ✔ initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
7. Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - ANSWER ✔ plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
8. Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - ANSWER ✔ Rapid Repolarization w/
potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
9. Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - ANSWER ✔ resting membrane potential,
-85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
,10.Cranial Vault Components - ANSWER ✔ Includes cranium, meninges,
parenchyma, and neurologic cells
11.Meninges - ANSWER ✔ Three layers covering and protecting the brain
12.Parenchyma - ANSWER ✔ Functional brain tissue with neurons and glial
cells
13.Neurologic Cells - ANSWER ✔ Include astrocytes, microglia,
oligodendrocytes in CNS; Schwann and satellite cells in PNS
14.Acetylcholine - ANSWER ✔ Cholinergic neurotransmitter controlling
parasympathetic system, both excite and inhibit
15.Norepinephrine - ANSWER ✔ Monoamine neurotransmitter controlling
sympathetic system, both excite and inhibit
16.Dopamine - ANSWER ✔ Neurotransmitter exciting the sympathetic system
17.Serotonin - ANSWER ✔ Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
18.What are the primary functions of the Kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ Excretion of
metabolic waste products, regulation of water and electrolyte balance,
regulation of arterial blood pressure, acid-base balance, promotion of
erythrocyte production, generation of vitamins, and participation in
gluconeogenesis.
, 19.Nephron - ANSWER ✔ The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for
the filtration and formation of urine, comprising multiple components that
perform various roles in kindness function.
20.What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron? - ANSWER ✔ The
glomerulus is a network of capillaries where blood is filtered, allowing fluid
and substances to enter Bowman Capsule, initiating the process of urine
formation.
21.A specialized epithelium that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the
filtrate as blood is filtered through the glomerular capillaries? - ANSWER ✔
Bowman Capsule
22.What is the importance of the renal pyramids? - ANSWER ✔ Renal
pyramids are tissues in the medulla that facilitate the flow of urine from the
kidney to the renal pelvis, playing a crucial role in urine formation.
23.The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys, an
important measure of kidney function. - ANSWER ✔ Glomerular Filtration
Rate (GFR)
24.How do age-related changes affect kidney function? - ANSWER ✔
Decrease in nephron number
Impaired blood flow
Reduced GFR
Decreased ability to reabsorb certain electrolytes
25.Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER ✔ Sudden decrease in GFR
Reduction in urine output
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Cardiac Blood Flow - ANSWER ✔ o From body
• Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
• To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
• Back to body
2. Cardiac Anatomy - ANSWER ✔ The heart is the size of a closed fist
,3. 2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
4. heart layers - ANSWER ✔ Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
5. Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - ANSWER ✔ rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
6. Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - ANSWER ✔ initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
7. Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - ANSWER ✔ plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
8. Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - ANSWER ✔ Rapid Repolarization w/
potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
9. Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - ANSWER ✔ resting membrane potential,
-85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
,10.Cranial Vault Components - ANSWER ✔ Includes cranium, meninges,
parenchyma, and neurologic cells
11.Meninges - ANSWER ✔ Three layers covering and protecting the brain
12.Parenchyma - ANSWER ✔ Functional brain tissue with neurons and glial
cells
13.Neurologic Cells - ANSWER ✔ Include astrocytes, microglia,
oligodendrocytes in CNS; Schwann and satellite cells in PNS
14.Acetylcholine - ANSWER ✔ Cholinergic neurotransmitter controlling
parasympathetic system, both excite and inhibit
15.Norepinephrine - ANSWER ✔ Monoamine neurotransmitter controlling
sympathetic system, both excite and inhibit
16.Dopamine - ANSWER ✔ Neurotransmitter exciting the sympathetic system
17.Serotonin - ANSWER ✔ Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
18.What are the primary functions of the Kidneys? - ANSWER ✔ Excretion of
metabolic waste products, regulation of water and electrolyte balance,
regulation of arterial blood pressure, acid-base balance, promotion of
erythrocyte production, generation of vitamins, and participation in
gluconeogenesis.
, 19.Nephron - ANSWER ✔ The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for
the filtration and formation of urine, comprising multiple components that
perform various roles in kindness function.
20.What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron? - ANSWER ✔ The
glomerulus is a network of capillaries where blood is filtered, allowing fluid
and substances to enter Bowman Capsule, initiating the process of urine
formation.
21.A specialized epithelium that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the
filtrate as blood is filtered through the glomerular capillaries? - ANSWER ✔
Bowman Capsule
22.What is the importance of the renal pyramids? - ANSWER ✔ Renal
pyramids are tissues in the medulla that facilitate the flow of urine from the
kidney to the renal pelvis, playing a crucial role in urine formation.
23.The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys, an
important measure of kidney function. - ANSWER ✔ Glomerular Filtration
Rate (GFR)
24.How do age-related changes affect kidney function? - ANSWER ✔
Decrease in nephron number
Impaired blood flow
Reduced GFR
Decreased ability to reabsorb certain electrolytes
25.Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - ANSWER ✔ Sudden decrease in GFR
Reduction in urine output
