NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 2 STUDY
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. First 5 steps in the inflammatory process - ANSWER ✔ 1. mast cell
degranulation
activation of coagulation cascade
activation of kinin cascade
release of chemotactic factors
5.Activation of the complement cascade
2. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Complement - ANSWER ✔
Form the membrane attack complex
bacterial lysis
vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
triggers mast cell degranulation
chemotaxis
opsonization - opsonins tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
3. Role/function in the inflammatory process: kinin - ANSWER ✔ turned into
bradykinin which is responsible for pain, chemotaxis and Increased vascular
permeability and vasodilation
4. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Coagulation cascade - ANSWER
✔ plays role in activating the kinin system
, Factor XII (Hagemon factor) activates kinin and forms a fibrin mesh to stop
bleeding and trap microorganisms
5. Role/function in the inflammatory process: chemotactic factors - ANSWER
✔ once released attract neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes for
phagocytosis
6. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Neutrophils - ANSWER ✔ show
up at the site of injury in 6-8 hours
Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify
inflammatory reactions by several other cell types. In addition to recruiting
and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role
in the front-line defense against invading pathogens.
7. Role/function in the inflammatory process: monocytes - ANSWER ✔ Show
up in 1-7 days
become macrophages
present antigens to the CD4 cell which leads to Tcell immunity which leads
to B cell immunity
Releases IL1, IL6, TNF and growth factors
8. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Mast cell degranulation -
ANSWER ✔ triggers the activation of the acute phase reactants
This leads to the release of histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes, platelet
activation factor and prostaglandins
9. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 1 (H1) - ANSWER ✔
promotes inflammation
smooth muscles, i.e. bronchi - asthma causes bronchoconstriction
,10.Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 2 (H2) - ANSWER ✔
anti-inflammatory properties
gastric mucosa
11.HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER ✔ can use urine,
saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure
to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
12.Mast cell - ANSWER ✔ Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory
process.
13.Histamine - ANSWER ✔ Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and
swelling.
14.Cytokines - ANSWER ✔ Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be
pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more
delayed.
15.Leukotrines - ANSWER ✔ Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils,
monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
, 16.Prostaglandins - ANSWER ✔ Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet
aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
17.Chemotactic factors - ANSWER ✔ Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
18.Neutrophils - ANSWER ✔ Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
19.Monocytes - ANSWER ✔ Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell
immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
20.Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWER ✔ Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
21.Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWER ✔ Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
22.Cytokine TNF function - ANSWER ✔ Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces
thrombosis
23.Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWER ✔ Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<LATEST VERSION>
1. First 5 steps in the inflammatory process - ANSWER ✔ 1. mast cell
degranulation
activation of coagulation cascade
activation of kinin cascade
release of chemotactic factors
5.Activation of the complement cascade
2. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Complement - ANSWER ✔
Form the membrane attack complex
bacterial lysis
vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
triggers mast cell degranulation
chemotaxis
opsonization - opsonins tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
3. Role/function in the inflammatory process: kinin - ANSWER ✔ turned into
bradykinin which is responsible for pain, chemotaxis and Increased vascular
permeability and vasodilation
4. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Coagulation cascade - ANSWER
✔ plays role in activating the kinin system
, Factor XII (Hagemon factor) activates kinin and forms a fibrin mesh to stop
bleeding and trap microorganisms
5. Role/function in the inflammatory process: chemotactic factors - ANSWER
✔ once released attract neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes for
phagocytosis
6. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Neutrophils - ANSWER ✔ show
up at the site of injury in 6-8 hours
Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify
inflammatory reactions by several other cell types. In addition to recruiting
and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role
in the front-line defense against invading pathogens.
7. Role/function in the inflammatory process: monocytes - ANSWER ✔ Show
up in 1-7 days
become macrophages
present antigens to the CD4 cell which leads to Tcell immunity which leads
to B cell immunity
Releases IL1, IL6, TNF and growth factors
8. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Mast cell degranulation -
ANSWER ✔ triggers the activation of the acute phase reactants
This leads to the release of histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes, platelet
activation factor and prostaglandins
9. Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 1 (H1) - ANSWER ✔
promotes inflammation
smooth muscles, i.e. bronchi - asthma causes bronchoconstriction
,10.Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 2 (H2) - ANSWER ✔
anti-inflammatory properties
gastric mucosa
11.HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER ✔ can use urine,
saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure
to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
12.Mast cell - ANSWER ✔ Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory
process.
13.Histamine - ANSWER ✔ Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and
swelling.
14.Cytokines - ANSWER ✔ Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be
pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more
delayed.
15.Leukotrines - ANSWER ✔ Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils,
monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
, 16.Prostaglandins - ANSWER ✔ Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet
aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
17.Chemotactic factors - ANSWER ✔ Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
18.Neutrophils - ANSWER ✔ Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
19.Monocytes - ANSWER ✔ Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell
immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
20.Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWER ✔ Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
21.Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWER ✔ Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
22.Cytokine TNF function - ANSWER ✔ Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces
thrombosis
23.Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWER ✔ Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
