NSG 6420 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
COPD Stage I - ANS MILD
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1</80%
*Chronic cough/sputum production
*Pt unaware lung function is abnormal
COPD Stage II - ANS MODERATE
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1 50-80%
SOB with exertion
Cough and sputum production present
COPD Stage III - ANS SEVERE
FEV1/FVC < 70%
FEV1 30-50%
Greater SOB
Reduced exercise capacity
Fatigue
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Repeated exacerbations with impact on QOL
COPD Stage IV - ANS VERY SEVERE
FEV1/FVC<70%
FEV1<30%
Resp. Failure
Cor Pulmonale (elevation of JVP and pitting ankle edema)
QOL very impaired
Exacerbations may be life threatening
How does FEV1 decrease? - ANS Inflammation
Narrowing of peripheral airways
Airway collapse in severe emphysema
COPD diagnosis? - ANS SPIROMETRY is key
Primarily Inflammatory with superimposed bronchospasm - ANS Asthma
Most common chronic respiratory disorder among all age groups - ANS Asthma
Atophy - ANS exaggerated IgE mediated immune response; all atophic disorders are type I
hypersensitivity disorders
Type I hypersensitivity reaction - ANS Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE-mediated
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Antigen binds to IgE that is bound to tissue mast cells and blood basophils, triggering release of
preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors) and synthesis of other
mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, cytokines)
-causes vasodilation, increased cap. permeability, mucus hypersecretion
**atopic disorders (allergic asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis), anaphylaxis, some cases of
angioedema, urticarial, and latex and some food allergies
**Develop <1h after exposure to antigen
Allergic triad of symptoms - ANS allergies, eczema, and asthma
Samter's Triad - ANS Nasal polyps, asthma, and ASA allergy
Most common symptom of asthma - ANS wheezing
Common only symptom of asthma? - ANS Cough
-can often delay dx of asthma
AKA cough variant asthma
Best way to confirm asthma dx? - ANS bronchial provocation
Intermittent asthma - ANS sx </2days/week
PM awakenings </2/month
SABA use </2 days/week
No interference with norm. activity
0-1 exacerbations requiring oral steroids / yr
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
COPD Stage I - ANS MILD
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1</80%
*Chronic cough/sputum production
*Pt unaware lung function is abnormal
COPD Stage II - ANS MODERATE
FEV1/FVC <70%
FEV1 50-80%
SOB with exertion
Cough and sputum production present
COPD Stage III - ANS SEVERE
FEV1/FVC < 70%
FEV1 30-50%
Greater SOB
Reduced exercise capacity
Fatigue
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Repeated exacerbations with impact on QOL
COPD Stage IV - ANS VERY SEVERE
FEV1/FVC<70%
FEV1<30%
Resp. Failure
Cor Pulmonale (elevation of JVP and pitting ankle edema)
QOL very impaired
Exacerbations may be life threatening
How does FEV1 decrease? - ANS Inflammation
Narrowing of peripheral airways
Airway collapse in severe emphysema
COPD diagnosis? - ANS SPIROMETRY is key
Primarily Inflammatory with superimposed bronchospasm - ANS Asthma
Most common chronic respiratory disorder among all age groups - ANS Asthma
Atophy - ANS exaggerated IgE mediated immune response; all atophic disorders are type I
hypersensitivity disorders
Type I hypersensitivity reaction - ANS Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE-mediated
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Antigen binds to IgE that is bound to tissue mast cells and blood basophils, triggering release of
preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors) and synthesis of other
mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, cytokines)
-causes vasodilation, increased cap. permeability, mucus hypersecretion
**atopic disorders (allergic asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis), anaphylaxis, some cases of
angioedema, urticarial, and latex and some food allergies
**Develop <1h after exposure to antigen
Allergic triad of symptoms - ANS allergies, eczema, and asthma
Samter's Triad - ANS Nasal polyps, asthma, and ASA allergy
Most common symptom of asthma - ANS wheezing
Common only symptom of asthma? - ANS Cough
-can often delay dx of asthma
AKA cough variant asthma
Best way to confirm asthma dx? - ANS bronchial provocation
Intermittent asthma - ANS sx </2days/week
PM awakenings </2/month
SABA use </2 days/week
No interference with norm. activity
0-1 exacerbations requiring oral steroids / yr
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
