MDC 2 EXAM 1 questions and answers
2025\2026 A+ Grade
Benign cells
- correct answer Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features
- correct answer o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a
- correct answer healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells
- correct answer o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
,o Endometriosis
Malignant cells
- correct answer indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features
- correct answer o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer
- correct answer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy
- correct answer o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
,Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
- correct answer Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion
- correct answer Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression
- correct answer Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis
- correct answer Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
- correct answer cancer development
Cancer classification
- correct answer o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading
- correct answer Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from
normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy
- correct answer Number of chromosomes
, Staging
- correct answer How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM
- correct answer o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index
- correct answer Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary
- correct answer o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary
- correct answer o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary
- correct answer People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
2025\2026 A+ Grade
Benign cells
- correct answer Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features
- correct answer o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a
- correct answer healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells
- correct answer o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
,o Endometriosis
Malignant cells
- correct answer indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death
Malignant cell features
- correct answer o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer
- correct answer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy
- correct answer o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
,Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
- correct answer Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion
- correct answer Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression
- correct answer Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis
- correct answer Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
- correct answer cancer development
Cancer classification
- correct answer o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading
- correct answer Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from
normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy
- correct answer Number of chromosomes
, Staging
- correct answer How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM
- correct answer o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index
- correct answer Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary
- correct answer o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary
- correct answer o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary
- correct answer People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
