PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231 FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED 2025
LATEST UPDATED ALREADY GRADED A+
Question 1
A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) undergoes an endoscopy.
The biopsy report indicates "Metaplasia" of the esophageal epithelium. Which of the
following best describes this cellular adaptation?
A) A decrease in the size of the cells due to disuse.
B) The replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type that is better able to
endure the stress.
C) An increase in the number of cells resulting in tissue enlargement.
D) Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells (pre-cancerous).
E) Programmed cell death.
Correct Answer: B) The replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type
that is better able to endure the stress.
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type (e.g., fragile
squamous epithelium in the esophagus) is replaced by another (e.g., columnar epithelium
like in the stomach) to better withstand the chronic irritation of acid reflux. Dysplasia
(Option D) involves abnormal changes and is often a precursor to cancer.
Question 2
Which of the following scenarios is an example of "Physiologic Hypertrophy" (normal
adaptation)?
A) Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronic hypertension.
B) Enlargement of the prostate gland obstructing urine flow.
C) Enlargement of skeletal muscles in a weightlifter.
D) Thickening of the urinary bladder wall due to obstruction.
E) Increase in breast tissue size due to a tumor.
Correct Answer: C) Enlargement of skeletal muscles in a weightlifter.
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Physiologic hypertrophy occurs due to
normal stressors or demands, such as exercise increasing muscle mass. Pathologic
hypertrophy (Option A) occurs due to disease states, such as the heart working against high
blood pressure.
Question 3
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) causes cellular injury primarily by depleting which critical
cellular component?
A) DNA
B) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
C) Ribosomes
,[Type here]
D) Calcium
E) Glucose
Correct Answer: B) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Rationale: Hypoxia interrupts aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Without oxygen,
the cell cannot produce sufficient ATP. The sodium-potassium pump fails without ATP,
leading to sodium and water influx, cell swelling, and eventual death.
Question 4
A patient presents with a necrotic wound on the big toe. The tissue is dry, shrunken, black,
and has a distinct line of demarcation. Which type of necrosis is this?
A) Wet Gangrene
B) Gas Gangrene
C) Dry Gangrene
D) Liquefactive Necrosis
E) Caseous Necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Dry Gangrene
Rationale: Dry gangrene is usually the result of arterial occlusion (ischemia) without severe
bacterial infection. The tissue dries out, shrinks, and turns black (mummified appearance).
Wet gangrene involves bacterial infection, swelling, and fluid exudate.
Question 5
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins within the cell?
A) Mitochondria
B) Lysosome
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi Apparatus
E) Peroxisome
Correct Answer: C) Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They can be found floating freely in
the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER). Mitochondria
generate energy (ATP). Lysosomes digest waste.
Question 6
What is the defining characteristic of "Malignant" tumors compared to "Benign" tumors?
A) Malignant tumors are encapsulated.
B) Malignant tumors grow slowly.
C) Malignant tumors contain well-differentiated cells.
D) Malignant tumors have the ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to distant
sites.
E) Malignant tumors do not cause angiogenesis.
, [Type here]
Correct Answer: D) Malignant tumors have the ability to invade surrounding tissue and
metastasize to distant sites.
Rationale: The hallmark of malignancy is invasion and metastasis (spread). Benign tumors
are typically encapsulated, grow slowly, do not spread, and look like the tissue of origin
(well-differentiated).
Question 7
In the TNM Staging System for cancer, what does the "N" stand for?
A) Neoplasia type
B) Number of tumors
C) Node (Lymph Node) involvement
D) Necrosis level
E) Nucleus size
Correct Answer: C) Node (Lymph Node) involvement
Rationale: TNM stands for Tumor (size and extent), Node (involvement of regional lymph
nodes), and Metastasis (spread to distant organs).
Question 8
Marfan Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that primarily affects which type of
tissue?
A) Nervous tissue
B) Connective tissue
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Muscle tissue
E) Blood cells
Correct Answer: B) Connective tissue
Rationale: Marfan Syndrome is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for Fibrillin-1,
a major component of connective tissue. This affects the skeleton (long limbs), eyes (lens
dislocation), and cardiovascular system (aortic aneurysms).
Question 9
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of Chromosome
21 (Trisomy 21)?
A) Turner Syndrome
B) Klinefelter Syndrome
C) Down Syndrome
D) Cystic Fibrosis
E) Huntington Disease
Correct Answer: C) Down Syndrome
Rationale: Down Syndrome is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis, resulting in three
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED 2025
LATEST UPDATED ALREADY GRADED A+
Question 1
A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) undergoes an endoscopy.
The biopsy report indicates "Metaplasia" of the esophageal epithelium. Which of the
following best describes this cellular adaptation?
A) A decrease in the size of the cells due to disuse.
B) The replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type that is better able to
endure the stress.
C) An increase in the number of cells resulting in tissue enlargement.
D) Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells (pre-cancerous).
E) Programmed cell death.
Correct Answer: B) The replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type
that is better able to endure the stress.
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type (e.g., fragile
squamous epithelium in the esophagus) is replaced by another (e.g., columnar epithelium
like in the stomach) to better withstand the chronic irritation of acid reflux. Dysplasia
(Option D) involves abnormal changes and is often a precursor to cancer.
Question 2
Which of the following scenarios is an example of "Physiologic Hypertrophy" (normal
adaptation)?
A) Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronic hypertension.
B) Enlargement of the prostate gland obstructing urine flow.
C) Enlargement of skeletal muscles in a weightlifter.
D) Thickening of the urinary bladder wall due to obstruction.
E) Increase in breast tissue size due to a tumor.
Correct Answer: C) Enlargement of skeletal muscles in a weightlifter.
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Physiologic hypertrophy occurs due to
normal stressors or demands, such as exercise increasing muscle mass. Pathologic
hypertrophy (Option A) occurs due to disease states, such as the heart working against high
blood pressure.
Question 3
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) causes cellular injury primarily by depleting which critical
cellular component?
A) DNA
B) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
C) Ribosomes
,[Type here]
D) Calcium
E) Glucose
Correct Answer: B) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Rationale: Hypoxia interrupts aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Without oxygen,
the cell cannot produce sufficient ATP. The sodium-potassium pump fails without ATP,
leading to sodium and water influx, cell swelling, and eventual death.
Question 4
A patient presents with a necrotic wound on the big toe. The tissue is dry, shrunken, black,
and has a distinct line of demarcation. Which type of necrosis is this?
A) Wet Gangrene
B) Gas Gangrene
C) Dry Gangrene
D) Liquefactive Necrosis
E) Caseous Necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Dry Gangrene
Rationale: Dry gangrene is usually the result of arterial occlusion (ischemia) without severe
bacterial infection. The tissue dries out, shrinks, and turns black (mummified appearance).
Wet gangrene involves bacterial infection, swelling, and fluid exudate.
Question 5
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins within the cell?
A) Mitochondria
B) Lysosome
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi Apparatus
E) Peroxisome
Correct Answer: C) Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They can be found floating freely in
the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER). Mitochondria
generate energy (ATP). Lysosomes digest waste.
Question 6
What is the defining characteristic of "Malignant" tumors compared to "Benign" tumors?
A) Malignant tumors are encapsulated.
B) Malignant tumors grow slowly.
C) Malignant tumors contain well-differentiated cells.
D) Malignant tumors have the ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to distant
sites.
E) Malignant tumors do not cause angiogenesis.
, [Type here]
Correct Answer: D) Malignant tumors have the ability to invade surrounding tissue and
metastasize to distant sites.
Rationale: The hallmark of malignancy is invasion and metastasis (spread). Benign tumors
are typically encapsulated, grow slowly, do not spread, and look like the tissue of origin
(well-differentiated).
Question 7
In the TNM Staging System for cancer, what does the "N" stand for?
A) Neoplasia type
B) Number of tumors
C) Node (Lymph Node) involvement
D) Necrosis level
E) Nucleus size
Correct Answer: C) Node (Lymph Node) involvement
Rationale: TNM stands for Tumor (size and extent), Node (involvement of regional lymph
nodes), and Metastasis (spread to distant organs).
Question 8
Marfan Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that primarily affects which type of
tissue?
A) Nervous tissue
B) Connective tissue
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Muscle tissue
E) Blood cells
Correct Answer: B) Connective tissue
Rationale: Marfan Syndrome is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for Fibrillin-1,
a major component of connective tissue. This affects the skeleton (long limbs), eyes (lens
dislocation), and cardiovascular system (aortic aneurysms).
Question 9
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of an extra copy of Chromosome
21 (Trisomy 21)?
A) Turner Syndrome
B) Klinefelter Syndrome
C) Down Syndrome
D) Cystic Fibrosis
E) Huntington Disease
Correct Answer: C) Down Syndrome
Rationale: Down Syndrome is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis, resulting in three
