Page 1 of 47
BIO 235 Final Exam NEWEST ALL 200 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026-2027 LATEST UPDATE
THIS YEAR
BIO 235 - Final Exam Study Guide
QUESTION: Mutagenic compounds that fit and "get stuck" between nucleotides of DNA
molecules are called ________, whereas mutagenic compounds that cause the covalent
attachment of a methyl or an ethyl group to bases of DNA are called ______.
A. De-aminating agents; reactive oxygen molecules
B. Oxidizing agents; glycosylases
C. Intercalating agents; alkylating agents
D. Hydrolases; base analogs
E. Catalytic converters; organic solvents - ANSWER-C
QUESTION: Base analogs - ANSWER-Chemicals with structures similar to that of any of the four
standard bases of DNA (DNA polymerase canNOT distinguish these analogs from the standard
bases)
,Page 2 of 47
QUESTION: Alkylating agents - ANSWER-Chemicals that donate alkyl groups like methyl and
ethyl groups
QUESTION: Deamination - ANSWER-Removing an amino group
QUESTION: Intercalating agents - ANSWER-Produce mutations by sandwiching themselves
(intercalating) between adjacent bases in DNA, distorting the three-dimensional structure of
the helix and causing single-nucleotide insertions and deletions in replication
QUESTION: What form of radiation causes double-strand breaks in DNA? - ANSWER-X-rays
(ionizing radiation)
QUESTION: What form of radiation forms pyrimidine dimers (or thymine dimers)? - ANSWER-
UV rays
QUESTION: Pyrimidine dimers - ANSWER-Formation of a chemical bond between adjacent
pyrimidine molecules on the same strand of DNA
,Page 3 of 47
QUESTION: Depurination - ANSWER-The loss of a purine base from a nucleotide
QUESTION: How many amino acids are encoded in the following RNA sequence?
5' - AUGCCUGAAUGGGCUUUAUGA - 3'
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7 - ANSWER-D (there is no amino acid for a stop codon)
QUESTION: What feature of the polypeptide chain determines the secondary structure of
proteins?
A. The last carboxyl group
B. The first amino group
, Page 4 of 47
C. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding among amino acid units that induces the formation of
alpha-helices and beta-pleated-sheets
D. Interactions among the components of multi-protein complex
E. The hinge regions that allow the alpha-helices and beta-pleated-sheets to fold in space -
ANSWER-C
The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that, in cells, biological information _______.
A. Can be transmitted either from DNA to RNA or from RNA to DNA
B. Moves from DNA to RNA to protein
C. Moves from protein to RNA to DNA
D. Moves from DNA to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses
E. Moves from protein to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses - ANSWER-B
QUESTION: What is the exception to the Central Dogma rule? - ANSWER-RETROVIRUSES
(process goes from RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase enzymes)
BIO 235 Final Exam NEWEST ALL 200 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026-2027 LATEST UPDATE
THIS YEAR
BIO 235 - Final Exam Study Guide
QUESTION: Mutagenic compounds that fit and "get stuck" between nucleotides of DNA
molecules are called ________, whereas mutagenic compounds that cause the covalent
attachment of a methyl or an ethyl group to bases of DNA are called ______.
A. De-aminating agents; reactive oxygen molecules
B. Oxidizing agents; glycosylases
C. Intercalating agents; alkylating agents
D. Hydrolases; base analogs
E. Catalytic converters; organic solvents - ANSWER-C
QUESTION: Base analogs - ANSWER-Chemicals with structures similar to that of any of the four
standard bases of DNA (DNA polymerase canNOT distinguish these analogs from the standard
bases)
,Page 2 of 47
QUESTION: Alkylating agents - ANSWER-Chemicals that donate alkyl groups like methyl and
ethyl groups
QUESTION: Deamination - ANSWER-Removing an amino group
QUESTION: Intercalating agents - ANSWER-Produce mutations by sandwiching themselves
(intercalating) between adjacent bases in DNA, distorting the three-dimensional structure of
the helix and causing single-nucleotide insertions and deletions in replication
QUESTION: What form of radiation causes double-strand breaks in DNA? - ANSWER-X-rays
(ionizing radiation)
QUESTION: What form of radiation forms pyrimidine dimers (or thymine dimers)? - ANSWER-
UV rays
QUESTION: Pyrimidine dimers - ANSWER-Formation of a chemical bond between adjacent
pyrimidine molecules on the same strand of DNA
,Page 3 of 47
QUESTION: Depurination - ANSWER-The loss of a purine base from a nucleotide
QUESTION: How many amino acids are encoded in the following RNA sequence?
5' - AUGCCUGAAUGGGCUUUAUGA - 3'
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7 - ANSWER-D (there is no amino acid for a stop codon)
QUESTION: What feature of the polypeptide chain determines the secondary structure of
proteins?
A. The last carboxyl group
B. The first amino group
, Page 4 of 47
C. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding among amino acid units that induces the formation of
alpha-helices and beta-pleated-sheets
D. Interactions among the components of multi-protein complex
E. The hinge regions that allow the alpha-helices and beta-pleated-sheets to fold in space -
ANSWER-C
The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that, in cells, biological information _______.
A. Can be transmitted either from DNA to RNA or from RNA to DNA
B. Moves from DNA to RNA to protein
C. Moves from protein to RNA to DNA
D. Moves from DNA to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses
E. Moves from protein to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses - ANSWER-B
QUESTION: What is the exception to the Central Dogma rule? - ANSWER-RETROVIRUSES
(process goes from RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase enzymes)
