EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND
MEASUREMENT EXAM 2
Culture - Correct Answers -refers to the knowledge, rules, traditions, and attitudes that
guide behavior in a particular group of people.
Social class and cultural difference - Correct Answers -Social class is one of the best
predictors of cultural differences. Ethnicity, gender, and level of intellectual functioning
are variables that contribute to cultural differences, but social class remains the
strongest predictor of academic achievement.
Identify some of the factors that may lead low-income students to perform less well in
school than middle-income students with the same abilities. - Correct Answers -Factors
that may lead low-income students to perform less successfully in school include the
following: poor health; limited resources, low self-esteem; learned helplessness,
resistance cultures (rejects middle class); tracking practices; child rearing practices that
do not promote independent thinking and low expectations.
Resistance cultures - Correct Answers -Rejects middle class
Tracking - Correct Answers -child rearing practices that do not promote independent
thinking and low expectations.
Ethnic groups and cognitive abilities - Correct Answers -teachers assume
Outcomes of Brown vs. Board of Education - Correct Answers -a landmark United
States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing
separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
Prejudice - Correct Answers -has to do with the inflexible and irrational attitudes and
opinions held by members of one group about another
usually means having preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices.
discrimination - Correct Answers -refers to behaviors directed against another group
stereotype threat - Correct Answers -which is the extra emotional and cognitive burden
that a student of a minority group may experience when feeling apprehensive about
confirming a stereotype.
, Stereotyping and stereotype threat - Correct Answers -This burden can induce a
student's test anxiety and undermine their academic performance Woolfolk suggests the
strategies teachers use for decreasing test anxiety (i.e., no time limit for exams; the
belief that intelligence can be improved, etc.) can help students resist stereotype threat.
Gender differences in schools - Correct Answers -occurs when males and females are
treated differently, mainly due to stereotypes ascribed to each sex
Example of Gender Biass - Correct Answers -male infants are treated more physically
by parents whereas female infants are protected more. In general, males are
encouraged to become more independent, females dependent. At school, textbooks
frequently portray females in roles that depict them as passive or domestic.
example of gender bias in schools - Correct Answers -Teachers are more likely to
verbally interact with males and assign them more active classroom responsibilities.
Expectancies to do well in math and science are more likely to be conveyed to males
than to females.
Resilient students - Correct Answers -students taking educational risks within the
classroom... If we as teachers let our students see us take risks even when failure may
very well be the outcome, they will feel safe to take risks themselves, knowing they can
always try again if they don't "get it right" the first time. In modeling resilience as
teachers, we inadvertently create a genuinely safe environment in which students feel
comfortable with the trial and error aspect of learning, and we begin to earn the trust of
our students.
Behavioral views of learning - Correct Answers -when *experience* causes a
relatively permanent change in behavior and knowledge.
Definition of learning - Correct Answers -
Principle of contiguity - Correct Answers --Association of two events through repeated
pairings.
-Learning by association (two events or
sensations that are remembered because of repeated pairings).
Classical conditioning - Correct Answers -when individuals
learn to respond to or form an attitude toward a stimulus that previously had no effect or
a very different effect on them.
example of classical conditioning - Correct Answers -The balloon demonstration
Discrimination, generalization, extinction - Correct Answers -
Operant conditioning - Correct Answers -Learning in which voluntary behavior is
strengthened or
MEASUREMENT EXAM 2
Culture - Correct Answers -refers to the knowledge, rules, traditions, and attitudes that
guide behavior in a particular group of people.
Social class and cultural difference - Correct Answers -Social class is one of the best
predictors of cultural differences. Ethnicity, gender, and level of intellectual functioning
are variables that contribute to cultural differences, but social class remains the
strongest predictor of academic achievement.
Identify some of the factors that may lead low-income students to perform less well in
school than middle-income students with the same abilities. - Correct Answers -Factors
that may lead low-income students to perform less successfully in school include the
following: poor health; limited resources, low self-esteem; learned helplessness,
resistance cultures (rejects middle class); tracking practices; child rearing practices that
do not promote independent thinking and low expectations.
Resistance cultures - Correct Answers -Rejects middle class
Tracking - Correct Answers -child rearing practices that do not promote independent
thinking and low expectations.
Ethnic groups and cognitive abilities - Correct Answers -teachers assume
Outcomes of Brown vs. Board of Education - Correct Answers -a landmark United
States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing
separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
Prejudice - Correct Answers -has to do with the inflexible and irrational attitudes and
opinions held by members of one group about another
usually means having preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices.
discrimination - Correct Answers -refers to behaviors directed against another group
stereotype threat - Correct Answers -which is the extra emotional and cognitive burden
that a student of a minority group may experience when feeling apprehensive about
confirming a stereotype.
, Stereotyping and stereotype threat - Correct Answers -This burden can induce a
student's test anxiety and undermine their academic performance Woolfolk suggests the
strategies teachers use for decreasing test anxiety (i.e., no time limit for exams; the
belief that intelligence can be improved, etc.) can help students resist stereotype threat.
Gender differences in schools - Correct Answers -occurs when males and females are
treated differently, mainly due to stereotypes ascribed to each sex
Example of Gender Biass - Correct Answers -male infants are treated more physically
by parents whereas female infants are protected more. In general, males are
encouraged to become more independent, females dependent. At school, textbooks
frequently portray females in roles that depict them as passive or domestic.
example of gender bias in schools - Correct Answers -Teachers are more likely to
verbally interact with males and assign them more active classroom responsibilities.
Expectancies to do well in math and science are more likely to be conveyed to males
than to females.
Resilient students - Correct Answers -students taking educational risks within the
classroom... If we as teachers let our students see us take risks even when failure may
very well be the outcome, they will feel safe to take risks themselves, knowing they can
always try again if they don't "get it right" the first time. In modeling resilience as
teachers, we inadvertently create a genuinely safe environment in which students feel
comfortable with the trial and error aspect of learning, and we begin to earn the trust of
our students.
Behavioral views of learning - Correct Answers -when *experience* causes a
relatively permanent change in behavior and knowledge.
Definition of learning - Correct Answers -
Principle of contiguity - Correct Answers --Association of two events through repeated
pairings.
-Learning by association (two events or
sensations that are remembered because of repeated pairings).
Classical conditioning - Correct Answers -when individuals
learn to respond to or form an attitude toward a stimulus that previously had no effect or
a very different effect on them.
example of classical conditioning - Correct Answers -The balloon demonstration
Discrimination, generalization, extinction - Correct Answers -
Operant conditioning - Correct Answers -Learning in which voluntary behavior is
strengthened or
