EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY --
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Three basic views of cognitive ability (intelligence) - Correct Answers -1) Cognitive-
development
-change in cognitive structures/understandings (i.e., stages)
-Piaget especially and Vygotsky
-Not really interested in individual differences
2) Information Processing (Cognitive Views)
-intelligence is what we do when we are processing information (e.g. trying to remember
something, solve a problem)
-some people more "efficient" processers (e.g. faster)
3) The Psychometric Approach
-individual differences exist in intelligence and we can measure those differences
-best exemplified by IQ/Achievement tests
IQ Tests
A. Brief history of IQ test and the score - Correct Answers -Binet
-IQ (intelligence quotient) = MA (mental age) / CA (chronological age) x 100 (not used
anymore)
-origin in France
-assessed school readiness
Terman
-revised Binet's work in the US to create the Standford-Binet intelligence scale
IQ Tests
B. Criterion vs. norm-referenced tests - Correct Answers -Norm-referenced tests:
-scores compared to the norming group (e.g. ACT)
Criterion-referenced tests:
-scores compared to criteria/set standards (e.g. driving test, grading scale, licensing
exam)
IQ Tests
, C. Modern IQ tests are based on normal distribution curve - Correct Answers -a. IQ test
(and achievement tests) are a type of standardized test (e.g., SAT, ACT, GRE, MRE)
b. Standardization means:
-there is uniformity of procedure in administering and scoring the test
-norms have been established to evaluate performance
-standard (vs raw) are used
c. bell curve, normal distributions have:
-x̄ =mean, average, x̄ = 100
-Md = median, middle
-Mo = mode, most often/frequent
-Sd= standard deviation, variability, Sd = 15
IQ tests
D. Ability/aptitude vs. achievement tests; what kind of test is an IQ test - Correct
Answers -ability/aptitude tests:
-potential; what you could learn (used to predict future performance
-e.g. career aptitude test
achievement tests:
-what you have already learned/accomplished
-e.g. final exam
an IQ test is a performance/achievement test
IQ tests; what are they best at measuring?
E. IQ test reliability
F. IQ test validity - Correct Answers -IQ test reliability (consistency)
whatever they are measuring, they are measuring it very reliably (e.g. scoring a test the
same way each time)
IQ test validity (valid, measures what it should)
-not necessary without reliability
-measuring intelligence accurately and effectively
-predictive validity: accurately predicting future performance
-what do they predict best of all? academic achievement (GPA) and kinds of
occupations (e.g. IQ increases, increased white-collar professions)
IQ tests
G. What do IQ tests not measure? - Correct Answers --innate, fixed capacity or potential
(e.g. child growing up in an abusive environment --> healthy environment)
-creativity or divergent thinking (typically 1 right answer)
-achievement motivation (how hard you work, e.g. studying like crazy and still not doing
great)
Intellectual Disability - Correct Answers -DSM criteria
-low IQ score
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Three basic views of cognitive ability (intelligence) - Correct Answers -1) Cognitive-
development
-change in cognitive structures/understandings (i.e., stages)
-Piaget especially and Vygotsky
-Not really interested in individual differences
2) Information Processing (Cognitive Views)
-intelligence is what we do when we are processing information (e.g. trying to remember
something, solve a problem)
-some people more "efficient" processers (e.g. faster)
3) The Psychometric Approach
-individual differences exist in intelligence and we can measure those differences
-best exemplified by IQ/Achievement tests
IQ Tests
A. Brief history of IQ test and the score - Correct Answers -Binet
-IQ (intelligence quotient) = MA (mental age) / CA (chronological age) x 100 (not used
anymore)
-origin in France
-assessed school readiness
Terman
-revised Binet's work in the US to create the Standford-Binet intelligence scale
IQ Tests
B. Criterion vs. norm-referenced tests - Correct Answers -Norm-referenced tests:
-scores compared to the norming group (e.g. ACT)
Criterion-referenced tests:
-scores compared to criteria/set standards (e.g. driving test, grading scale, licensing
exam)
IQ Tests
, C. Modern IQ tests are based on normal distribution curve - Correct Answers -a. IQ test
(and achievement tests) are a type of standardized test (e.g., SAT, ACT, GRE, MRE)
b. Standardization means:
-there is uniformity of procedure in administering and scoring the test
-norms have been established to evaluate performance
-standard (vs raw) are used
c. bell curve, normal distributions have:
-x̄ =mean, average, x̄ = 100
-Md = median, middle
-Mo = mode, most often/frequent
-Sd= standard deviation, variability, Sd = 15
IQ tests
D. Ability/aptitude vs. achievement tests; what kind of test is an IQ test - Correct
Answers -ability/aptitude tests:
-potential; what you could learn (used to predict future performance
-e.g. career aptitude test
achievement tests:
-what you have already learned/accomplished
-e.g. final exam
an IQ test is a performance/achievement test
IQ tests; what are they best at measuring?
E. IQ test reliability
F. IQ test validity - Correct Answers -IQ test reliability (consistency)
whatever they are measuring, they are measuring it very reliably (e.g. scoring a test the
same way each time)
IQ test validity (valid, measures what it should)
-not necessary without reliability
-measuring intelligence accurately and effectively
-predictive validity: accurately predicting future performance
-what do they predict best of all? academic achievement (GPA) and kinds of
occupations (e.g. IQ increases, increased white-collar professions)
IQ tests
G. What do IQ tests not measure? - Correct Answers --innate, fixed capacity or potential
(e.g. child growing up in an abusive environment --> healthy environment)
-creativity or divergent thinking (typically 1 right answer)
-achievement motivation (how hard you work, e.g. studying like crazy and still not doing
great)
Intellectual Disability - Correct Answers -DSM criteria
-low IQ score
