BIOL 2300 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
State and explain the Cell Theory. - Answer -the theory that all living things are made of
cells
cells come from other cells
Compare & contrast Spontaneous Generation/Vitalism with Biogenesis. - Answer --
cells spontaneously turn into bacteria; life can arise from no life; "magic"
-bacteria come from other bacteria; cells come from other cells; bacteria don't just
magically pop up
Identify the observations made by Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lassaro
Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, and John Snow that are relevant to the Spontaneous
Generation/Vitalism vs Biogenesis debate. - Answer -Francesco Redi-disproved
spontaneous generation: 2 jars of meat, one covered, one uncoverd
John Needham-supported spontaneous generation: heat chicken broth the poured in
covered flasks (microbes grew)
Lazzaro Spallanzani-disproved spontaneous generation: microbes from air might have
entered broth, heated broth in covered flasks
Louis Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation: boiled in long-necked flasks
John Snow-London cholera
List Koch's postulates. - Answer -1. same pathogen must be present in every case of
disease
2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. pure culture must cause disease in test animals
4. pathogen in original animal must show up in test animal
Explain why Koch's postulates are used. - Answer -provide a framework for the study of
the etiology of any infectious disease
Recognize exceptions to Koch's postulates. - Answer --some microbes have unique
culture requirements (some can't be cultured)
-several microbes can cause a disease/can be hard to pinpoint which is disease-
causing
-1 pathogen can cause several diseases
-testing on humans isn't ethical
Characterize organisms in the three domains of life. - Answer --bacteria (prokaryotic)
-archaea (prokaryotic w/o peptidoglycan in cell wall)
, -eukaryota (eukaryotic)
Characterize organisms in the 4 kingdoms of eukarya. - Answer --protista (other
eukaryotes)
-fungi (absorbs energy)
-plantae (photosynthesis)
-animalia (ingest through a mouth)
List the general names of the taxonomic groupings in order (domain, kingdom, phylum,
etc.). - Answer -Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb King Philip Came Over For Good Soup (Sex)
Define the terms species, strain, and clone. - Answer -species: most specific level of
taxonomy
strain: genetically different cells within a clone
clone: population of cells derived from a single parent cell
Identify both the genus and species of an organism when written. - Answer -genus and
species are italicized
genus is capitalized
species is lowercased
Define disease, infection, & pathology. - Answer -disease: when an infection results in
any change from a healthy state
infection: invasion or colonization by pathogens
pathology: study of disease
Give examples of a non-infectious disease and infection w/o disease. - Answer -E. coli
(found in intestine)
Define normal & transient microbiota. - Answer -normal microbiota: microbes that
normally colonize a host w/o causing disease
transient microbiota: microbes that are temporarily present in host w/o causing disease
Identify the location(s) on/in a healthy human body where you could find
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Streptococcus pneumonia
State and explain the Cell Theory. - Answer -the theory that all living things are made of
cells
cells come from other cells
Compare & contrast Spontaneous Generation/Vitalism with Biogenesis. - Answer --
cells spontaneously turn into bacteria; life can arise from no life; "magic"
-bacteria come from other bacteria; cells come from other cells; bacteria don't just
magically pop up
Identify the observations made by Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lassaro
Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, and John Snow that are relevant to the Spontaneous
Generation/Vitalism vs Biogenesis debate. - Answer -Francesco Redi-disproved
spontaneous generation: 2 jars of meat, one covered, one uncoverd
John Needham-supported spontaneous generation: heat chicken broth the poured in
covered flasks (microbes grew)
Lazzaro Spallanzani-disproved spontaneous generation: microbes from air might have
entered broth, heated broth in covered flasks
Louis Pasteur-disproved spontaneous generation: boiled in long-necked flasks
John Snow-London cholera
List Koch's postulates. - Answer -1. same pathogen must be present in every case of
disease
2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. pure culture must cause disease in test animals
4. pathogen in original animal must show up in test animal
Explain why Koch's postulates are used. - Answer -provide a framework for the study of
the etiology of any infectious disease
Recognize exceptions to Koch's postulates. - Answer --some microbes have unique
culture requirements (some can't be cultured)
-several microbes can cause a disease/can be hard to pinpoint which is disease-
causing
-1 pathogen can cause several diseases
-testing on humans isn't ethical
Characterize organisms in the three domains of life. - Answer --bacteria (prokaryotic)
-archaea (prokaryotic w/o peptidoglycan in cell wall)
, -eukaryota (eukaryotic)
Characterize organisms in the 4 kingdoms of eukarya. - Answer --protista (other
eukaryotes)
-fungi (absorbs energy)
-plantae (photosynthesis)
-animalia (ingest through a mouth)
List the general names of the taxonomic groupings in order (domain, kingdom, phylum,
etc.). - Answer -Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb King Philip Came Over For Good Soup (Sex)
Define the terms species, strain, and clone. - Answer -species: most specific level of
taxonomy
strain: genetically different cells within a clone
clone: population of cells derived from a single parent cell
Identify both the genus and species of an organism when written. - Answer -genus and
species are italicized
genus is capitalized
species is lowercased
Define disease, infection, & pathology. - Answer -disease: when an infection results in
any change from a healthy state
infection: invasion or colonization by pathogens
pathology: study of disease
Give examples of a non-infectious disease and infection w/o disease. - Answer -E. coli
(found in intestine)
Define normal & transient microbiota. - Answer -normal microbiota: microbes that
normally colonize a host w/o causing disease
transient microbiota: microbes that are temporarily present in host w/o causing disease
Identify the location(s) on/in a healthy human body where you could find
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Streptococcus pneumonia
