USAHS CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS
What are the 5 steps of neurological development in order? - Answer -Neurulation, cell
proliferation, migration and aggregation, formation of axonal and dendritic processes,
and synaptogenesis
______________ involves the formation of the neural crest and neural tube. - Answer -
Neurulation
Cell proliferation occurs within the ________ _______. - Answer -Neural tube
During the migration and aggregation phase of embryological development the cells
migrate/aggregate within _________ locations. - Answer -Definitive
True or false:
Cranial nerves are formed during the formation of axonal and dendritic processes phase
of embryological development. - Answer -True
____________ occurs around day 14 of development. - Answer -Neurulation
During __________ the embryo is in the process of gastrolation. - Answer -Neurulation
The __________ is three cell layers thick and includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm. - Answer -Gastrula
The entire nervous system is derived from the ____________ ___________. - Answer
-Embryonic ectoderm
On day _____ the notochord develops followed by the neural tube on day _______. -
Answer -21, 28
The _______ ________ develops into the the entire CNS. - Answer -Neural tube
Neural crest cells develop into the ______. - Answer -PNS
What two pathologies can occur during the first stage of embryological development? -
Answer -Spina bifida (failure of POSTERIOR neuropore to close) and anencephaly
(failure of the ANTERIOR neuropore to close)
What does the prosencephalon divide into? - Answer -telencephalon and diencephalon
What are the derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon? - Answer -
telencephalon: rhinoencephalon (lateral ventricles)
,diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, and pineal
gland (third ventricle)
What is the derivative of the mesencephalon? - Answer -Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
What does the rhombencephalon divide into? - Answer -metencephalon and
myelencephalon
What are the derivatives of the metencephalon and myelencephalon? - Answer -
Metencephalon: cerebellum and pons (fourth ventricle)
Myelencephalon: medulla (fourth ventricle)
What does the primitive neural tube divide into? - Answer -Neural tube and neural crest
What are the derivatives of the neural tube and neural crest? - Answer -Neural tube:
spinal cord (central canal)
Neural crest: peripheral nerve ganglia
The anterior commissure is _________ to the posterior commissure. - Answer -Rostral
The thalamus is ________to the frontal lobe. - Answer -Caudal
The cerebellum is _________ to the pons. - Answer -Dorsal
The anterior horn of the SC is _________ to the posterior horn of the SC. - Answer -
Ventral
During the __________ ___________ phase of embryological development the sulcus
limitans pushes bilaterally inside of the neural tube and starts to divide the tube into a
ventral and dorsal portion. - Answer -Cell proliferation (ventral portion= baslar plate;
efferent motor and the dorsal portion= alar plate; sensory)
During the cell proliferation phase the innermost layer (ependyaml aka germinal)
creates the lining of the __________. - Answer -Ventricles (helps the cilia)
During the cell proliferation phase the intermediate layer becomes the ___________. -
Answer -Mantle (gray matter)
During the cell proliferation phase the marginal layer becomes ________ ________. -
Answer -White matter
During _________ migration the cells travel up the telencephalon from the SC. -
Answer -Radial
, During ______________ migration the cells travel within the brain stem. This occurs
late in the migration process. - Answer -Tangential
What two defects can occur in the migration phase of embryological development? -
Answer -Dyslexia and lissencephaly (smooth brain = low IQ)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 14 weeks CN's
_______, _______, ______, ______, and _____ form. - Answer -5, 7, 9, 10, and 12
(swallow/gag)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 25 weeks CN's
________ _______ ______ and _____ form. - Answer -2, 3, 4, and 6 (visual motor)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 28 weeks CN ______
forms. - Answer -8 (hearing)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 31-32 weeks CN
______ forms. - Answer -1 (smell)
During the synaptogenesis phase of embryological development the basis of
____________ ___________ is formed. - Answer -Neural plasticity (correlated with
known types of permanent learning)
The telencephalon and diencephalon comprise the _____________. - Answer -
Forebrain
What makes up the brain stem? - Answer -midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (vital
survival function)
The diencephalon is comprised of the _____________ and ______________. - Answer
-Thalamus, hypothalamus
The ___________ _______________ creates CSF. - Answer -Choroid plexus
The CSF circulation pathway - Answer -lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral
aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, blood supply, drainage
Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3 - Answer -Location: postcentral gyrus
Functional area: primary somatosensory cortex
Function: touch
Brodmann's area 4 - Answer -Location: precentral gyrus
ANSWERS
What are the 5 steps of neurological development in order? - Answer -Neurulation, cell
proliferation, migration and aggregation, formation of axonal and dendritic processes,
and synaptogenesis
______________ involves the formation of the neural crest and neural tube. - Answer -
Neurulation
Cell proliferation occurs within the ________ _______. - Answer -Neural tube
During the migration and aggregation phase of embryological development the cells
migrate/aggregate within _________ locations. - Answer -Definitive
True or false:
Cranial nerves are formed during the formation of axonal and dendritic processes phase
of embryological development. - Answer -True
____________ occurs around day 14 of development. - Answer -Neurulation
During __________ the embryo is in the process of gastrolation. - Answer -Neurulation
The __________ is three cell layers thick and includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm. - Answer -Gastrula
The entire nervous system is derived from the ____________ ___________. - Answer
-Embryonic ectoderm
On day _____ the notochord develops followed by the neural tube on day _______. -
Answer -21, 28
The _______ ________ develops into the the entire CNS. - Answer -Neural tube
Neural crest cells develop into the ______. - Answer -PNS
What two pathologies can occur during the first stage of embryological development? -
Answer -Spina bifida (failure of POSTERIOR neuropore to close) and anencephaly
(failure of the ANTERIOR neuropore to close)
What does the prosencephalon divide into? - Answer -telencephalon and diencephalon
What are the derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon? - Answer -
telencephalon: rhinoencephalon (lateral ventricles)
,diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, and pineal
gland (third ventricle)
What is the derivative of the mesencephalon? - Answer -Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
What does the rhombencephalon divide into? - Answer -metencephalon and
myelencephalon
What are the derivatives of the metencephalon and myelencephalon? - Answer -
Metencephalon: cerebellum and pons (fourth ventricle)
Myelencephalon: medulla (fourth ventricle)
What does the primitive neural tube divide into? - Answer -Neural tube and neural crest
What are the derivatives of the neural tube and neural crest? - Answer -Neural tube:
spinal cord (central canal)
Neural crest: peripheral nerve ganglia
The anterior commissure is _________ to the posterior commissure. - Answer -Rostral
The thalamus is ________to the frontal lobe. - Answer -Caudal
The cerebellum is _________ to the pons. - Answer -Dorsal
The anterior horn of the SC is _________ to the posterior horn of the SC. - Answer -
Ventral
During the __________ ___________ phase of embryological development the sulcus
limitans pushes bilaterally inside of the neural tube and starts to divide the tube into a
ventral and dorsal portion. - Answer -Cell proliferation (ventral portion= baslar plate;
efferent motor and the dorsal portion= alar plate; sensory)
During the cell proliferation phase the innermost layer (ependyaml aka germinal)
creates the lining of the __________. - Answer -Ventricles (helps the cilia)
During the cell proliferation phase the intermediate layer becomes the ___________. -
Answer -Mantle (gray matter)
During the cell proliferation phase the marginal layer becomes ________ ________. -
Answer -White matter
During _________ migration the cells travel up the telencephalon from the SC. -
Answer -Radial
, During ______________ migration the cells travel within the brain stem. This occurs
late in the migration process. - Answer -Tangential
What two defects can occur in the migration phase of embryological development? -
Answer -Dyslexia and lissencephaly (smooth brain = low IQ)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 14 weeks CN's
_______, _______, ______, ______, and _____ form. - Answer -5, 7, 9, 10, and 12
(swallow/gag)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 25 weeks CN's
________ _______ ______ and _____ form. - Answer -2, 3, 4, and 6 (visual motor)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 28 weeks CN ______
forms. - Answer -8 (hearing)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 31-32 weeks CN
______ forms. - Answer -1 (smell)
During the synaptogenesis phase of embryological development the basis of
____________ ___________ is formed. - Answer -Neural plasticity (correlated with
known types of permanent learning)
The telencephalon and diencephalon comprise the _____________. - Answer -
Forebrain
What makes up the brain stem? - Answer -midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (vital
survival function)
The diencephalon is comprised of the _____________ and ______________. - Answer
-Thalamus, hypothalamus
The ___________ _______________ creates CSF. - Answer -Choroid plexus
The CSF circulation pathway - Answer -lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral
aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, blood supply, drainage
Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3 - Answer -Location: postcentral gyrus
Functional area: primary somatosensory cortex
Function: touch
Brodmann's area 4 - Answer -Location: precentral gyrus
