CNUR 103: Week 8; Urinary
Catheterization, Specimen Collection,
Nasogastric tubes, & Enteral Feeding
Questions and Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
Fluid Balance: - Answer - The balance of the fluid we take in and excrete each day
- Regulated by:
o Kidneys
o Mechanisms involving plasma proteins, hormones, nervous system, heart, and blood vessels
- Balance of fluids and electrolytes are closely linked
- Body fluids include:
o Intracellular fluid
o Extracellular fluid
§ Intravascular space: plasma
§ Interstitial space: fluid between cells
§ Transcellular space: CSF, fluid in GI tract, intraocular fluid, fluid in pleural & pericardial spaces,
etcetera
Disorders of Fluid Balance: - Hypovolemia: - Answer o Excessive loss of ECF and electrolytes
o Results in low circulating blood volume
o Happens with burns, hemorrhage, shock, sepsis, vasodilation
Disorders of Fluid Balance: Dehydration - Answer o deficit of water only, where water intake
is less than water loss
o Happens with excessive sweating, GI losses, ↓ access to water
Disorders of Fluid Balance: Hypervolemia - Answer o Too much ECF fluid, especially in
intravascular space
o Happens with renal or heart failure, liver cirrhosis, too much IV fluid
, Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Eyes - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit:
Sunken, dry conjunctivae, decreased tearing.
Fluid Volume Excess
Periorbital edema, blurred vision, papilledema (swelling of optic disc)
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Mouth - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Sticky, dry mucous
membrane; dry, cracked lips; decreased saliva; increased saliva viscosity; shrunken tongue.
Fluid Volume Excess: Excess saliva
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Skin - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Increased skin temperature;
dry, scaly skin; poor turgor.
Fluid Volume Excess: Excess Saliva
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Cardiovascular - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Tachycardia; weak
pulse; hypotension; slow cap refill; increased hct; flat neck veins.
Fluid Volume Excess: Bounding pulses; third heart sound (S3); distended neck veins
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Gastrointestinal - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Sunken abdomen,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps.
Fluid Volume Excess: Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Renal - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Oliguria or anuria; increased
urine specific gravity.
Fluid Volume Excess: Decreased urine specific gravity, diuresis (if normal renal function)
Monitoring Intake & Output - Answer - Important for assessment of fluid and electrolyte
balance of patients
- Intake: oral liquids, enteral feedings, parenteral fluids (IV fluids, blood products, Total
Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)), etc
- Output: urine, diarrhea, vomitus, gastric (NG) suction, drainage from surgical tubes or drains,
etc
- Monitored each shift to see if there is a net loss or net gain of fluids (intake and output should
be about equal)
- Compare 24-hour totals over several days
Catheterization, Specimen Collection,
Nasogastric tubes, & Enteral Feeding
Questions and Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
Fluid Balance: - Answer - The balance of the fluid we take in and excrete each day
- Regulated by:
o Kidneys
o Mechanisms involving plasma proteins, hormones, nervous system, heart, and blood vessels
- Balance of fluids and electrolytes are closely linked
- Body fluids include:
o Intracellular fluid
o Extracellular fluid
§ Intravascular space: plasma
§ Interstitial space: fluid between cells
§ Transcellular space: CSF, fluid in GI tract, intraocular fluid, fluid in pleural & pericardial spaces,
etcetera
Disorders of Fluid Balance: - Hypovolemia: - Answer o Excessive loss of ECF and electrolytes
o Results in low circulating blood volume
o Happens with burns, hemorrhage, shock, sepsis, vasodilation
Disorders of Fluid Balance: Dehydration - Answer o deficit of water only, where water intake
is less than water loss
o Happens with excessive sweating, GI losses, ↓ access to water
Disorders of Fluid Balance: Hypervolemia - Answer o Too much ECF fluid, especially in
intravascular space
o Happens with renal or heart failure, liver cirrhosis, too much IV fluid
, Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Eyes - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit:
Sunken, dry conjunctivae, decreased tearing.
Fluid Volume Excess
Periorbital edema, blurred vision, papilledema (swelling of optic disc)
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Mouth - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Sticky, dry mucous
membrane; dry, cracked lips; decreased saliva; increased saliva viscosity; shrunken tongue.
Fluid Volume Excess: Excess saliva
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Skin - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Increased skin temperature;
dry, scaly skin; poor turgor.
Fluid Volume Excess: Excess Saliva
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Cardiovascular - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Tachycardia; weak
pulse; hypotension; slow cap refill; increased hct; flat neck veins.
Fluid Volume Excess: Bounding pulses; third heart sound (S3); distended neck veins
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Gastrointestinal - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Sunken abdomen,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps.
Fluid Volume Excess: Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Signs of Fluid Imbalance: Renal - Answer Fluid Volume Deficit: Oliguria or anuria; increased
urine specific gravity.
Fluid Volume Excess: Decreased urine specific gravity, diuresis (if normal renal function)
Monitoring Intake & Output - Answer - Important for assessment of fluid and electrolyte
balance of patients
- Intake: oral liquids, enteral feedings, parenteral fluids (IV fluids, blood products, Total
Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)), etc
- Output: urine, diarrhea, vomitus, gastric (NG) suction, drainage from surgical tubes or drains,
etc
- Monitored each shift to see if there is a net loss or net gain of fluids (intake and output should
be about equal)
- Compare 24-hour totals over several days
