NURS 8024 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa are stimulated
by - ANSWER ✔ *acetycholine, histamine, gastrin
2. Receptor-mediated binding of acetylcholine, histamine, or gastrin results in -
ANSWER ✔ *the activation of protein kinases, which in
turn stimulates the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) proton pump
3. Gastrin and acetylcholine stimulate release of - ANSWER ✔ histamine
4. receptor binding of prostaglandin E2 and
somatostatin diminish - ANSWER ✔ gastric acid production
5. Antacids - ANSWER ✔ weak bases that react with gastric acid to
form water and a salt → diminishing gastric acidity
Reduce pepsin activity - pepsin inactive at a pH >4
Wide variety* in chemical composition, acid-neutralizing capacity, sodium
content, palatability, and price
, Acid neutralizing ability* of an antacid depends on its capacity to neutralize
gastric HCl and on whether the stomach is full or empty
• food delays stomach emptying, allowing more time for the antacid to
react
6. Therapeutic uses of antacids - ANSWER ✔ • Symptomatic relief of peptic
ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
• May promote healing of duodenal ulcers, but not
robust evidence for efficacy in Tx of acute gastric
ulcers
• Calcium carbonate preparations
• also used as calcium supplements for the treatment of osteoporosis
7. Commonly used antacid drugs - ANSWER ✔ Classes
• Calcium salts: calcium carbonate: Tums/Rolaids
• Sodium bicarbonate: Alka-Seltzer
• Aluminum salts - Aluminum hydroxide: Amphojel; Aluminum
carbonate: Basaljel
• Magnesium salts/ magnesium oxide: Milk of Magnesia
• Combination products
• Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox, Mylanta)
• Alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, calcium stearate
(Gaviscon)
8. Class I drugs - ANSWER ✔ Majority of agents
• Low dose/capacity ratio
• Amount of drug < albumin binding capacity
• Number of binding sites > available drug
9. Class II Drugs - ANSWER ✔ Minority of agents
• High dose/capacity ratio
, • Amount of drug > albumin binding capacity
• High proportion of drug in "free" state- not protein bound
10.Clinical Implications of Plasma Protein Binding - ANSWER ✔ Drug
displacement from albumin substantial
source of drug interactions.....
• Class I drug - warfarin
• Highly protein bound - small fraction of free drug in plasma
↓
• Class II drug given - sulfa
• Displaces warfarin from albumin
• Rapid rise in free drug concentration
• Increased therapeutic effect- toxic effect
11.Drug displacement and Vd dependent on - ANSWER ✔ Dependent on Vd
and therapeutic index of drug
• Large Vd versus Small Vd
12.If therapeutic index is narrow: - ANSWER ✔ there may be a small increase
in drug concentration that may have substantial clinical impact
13.First-order kinetics (majority of drugs) - ANSWER ✔ • Metabolic
transformation of drugs by enzymes
• Rate of drug metabolism is directly proportional to the concentration
of free drug, so constant fraction of drug per unit of time
• Linear elimination pattern - reflected by the ½ life of the drug
• Each half life cuts the drug concentration by 50%
• At 2 half-lives - drug has been 75% removed
• At 5 half-lives - drug is essentially removed from the
body
, 14.Zero-order kinetics - ANSWER ✔ • aspirin, ethanol, phenytoin
• Rate of metabolism is constant over time, -
therefore a Constant amount of drug
metabolized per unit of time
15.Processes of drug metabolism Phase 1 - ANSWER ✔ • involves oxidation,
reduction, and hydrolysis to
↑ polarity
and water solubility of the drug
16.Processes of drug metabolism Phase 2 - ANSWER ✔ • involves conjugation
- reaction in which a large chemical
group is attached to the molecule to increase solubility and
facilitate excretion of the metabolite from the body
17.Whether drugs undergo both phase 1 and 2 of metabolism or only one of the
phases depends on - ANSWER ✔ the chemical nature of the drug
18.Phase 1 drug metabolism reactions involve - ANSWER ✔ CYP450 system
19.CYP450 System - ANSWER ✔ Serves to convert lipophilic molecules into
more polar molecules
20.Phase 1 metabolism - ANSWER ✔ can increase, decrease, or leave drug
pharmacologic activity
21.unchanged
22.Lipid soluble metabolites must be synthesized in the - ANSWER ✔ Liver
via Phase 1 & 2 metabolism
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa are stimulated
by - ANSWER ✔ *acetycholine, histamine, gastrin
2. Receptor-mediated binding of acetylcholine, histamine, or gastrin results in -
ANSWER ✔ *the activation of protein kinases, which in
turn stimulates the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) proton pump
3. Gastrin and acetylcholine stimulate release of - ANSWER ✔ histamine
4. receptor binding of prostaglandin E2 and
somatostatin diminish - ANSWER ✔ gastric acid production
5. Antacids - ANSWER ✔ weak bases that react with gastric acid to
form water and a salt → diminishing gastric acidity
Reduce pepsin activity - pepsin inactive at a pH >4
Wide variety* in chemical composition, acid-neutralizing capacity, sodium
content, palatability, and price
, Acid neutralizing ability* of an antacid depends on its capacity to neutralize
gastric HCl and on whether the stomach is full or empty
• food delays stomach emptying, allowing more time for the antacid to
react
6. Therapeutic uses of antacids - ANSWER ✔ • Symptomatic relief of peptic
ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
• May promote healing of duodenal ulcers, but not
robust evidence for efficacy in Tx of acute gastric
ulcers
• Calcium carbonate preparations
• also used as calcium supplements for the treatment of osteoporosis
7. Commonly used antacid drugs - ANSWER ✔ Classes
• Calcium salts: calcium carbonate: Tums/Rolaids
• Sodium bicarbonate: Alka-Seltzer
• Aluminum salts - Aluminum hydroxide: Amphojel; Aluminum
carbonate: Basaljel
• Magnesium salts/ magnesium oxide: Milk of Magnesia
• Combination products
• Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox, Mylanta)
• Alginic acid, magnesium trisilicate, calcium stearate
(Gaviscon)
8. Class I drugs - ANSWER ✔ Majority of agents
• Low dose/capacity ratio
• Amount of drug < albumin binding capacity
• Number of binding sites > available drug
9. Class II Drugs - ANSWER ✔ Minority of agents
• High dose/capacity ratio
, • Amount of drug > albumin binding capacity
• High proportion of drug in "free" state- not protein bound
10.Clinical Implications of Plasma Protein Binding - ANSWER ✔ Drug
displacement from albumin substantial
source of drug interactions.....
• Class I drug - warfarin
• Highly protein bound - small fraction of free drug in plasma
↓
• Class II drug given - sulfa
• Displaces warfarin from albumin
• Rapid rise in free drug concentration
• Increased therapeutic effect- toxic effect
11.Drug displacement and Vd dependent on - ANSWER ✔ Dependent on Vd
and therapeutic index of drug
• Large Vd versus Small Vd
12.If therapeutic index is narrow: - ANSWER ✔ there may be a small increase
in drug concentration that may have substantial clinical impact
13.First-order kinetics (majority of drugs) - ANSWER ✔ • Metabolic
transformation of drugs by enzymes
• Rate of drug metabolism is directly proportional to the concentration
of free drug, so constant fraction of drug per unit of time
• Linear elimination pattern - reflected by the ½ life of the drug
• Each half life cuts the drug concentration by 50%
• At 2 half-lives - drug has been 75% removed
• At 5 half-lives - drug is essentially removed from the
body
, 14.Zero-order kinetics - ANSWER ✔ • aspirin, ethanol, phenytoin
• Rate of metabolism is constant over time, -
therefore a Constant amount of drug
metabolized per unit of time
15.Processes of drug metabolism Phase 1 - ANSWER ✔ • involves oxidation,
reduction, and hydrolysis to
↑ polarity
and water solubility of the drug
16.Processes of drug metabolism Phase 2 - ANSWER ✔ • involves conjugation
- reaction in which a large chemical
group is attached to the molecule to increase solubility and
facilitate excretion of the metabolite from the body
17.Whether drugs undergo both phase 1 and 2 of metabolism or only one of the
phases depends on - ANSWER ✔ the chemical nature of the drug
18.Phase 1 drug metabolism reactions involve - ANSWER ✔ CYP450 system
19.CYP450 System - ANSWER ✔ Serves to convert lipophilic molecules into
more polar molecules
20.Phase 1 metabolism - ANSWER ✔ can increase, decrease, or leave drug
pharmacologic activity
21.unchanged
22.Lipid soluble metabolites must be synthesized in the - ANSWER ✔ Liver
via Phase 1 & 2 metabolism
