VATI COMP PREDICTOR OVERALL
REVIEW 2 EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Lab Value - Calcium (Ca )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL
-If a patient has severe hypocalcemia, take seizure precautions and assess the airway. Also,
monitor for tetany, tingling sensations in the tips of the fingers and around the mouth, and in
the feet. Spasms of the muscles of the extremities and the face may occur. Also, be alert for ECG
changes including a prolonged QT interval.
- If a patient has hypercalcemia, increase mobilization and encourage sufficient oral intake. Take
safety precautions if confusion is present and be alert for signs of digitalis toxicity. Also, monitor
the patient's cardiac rate and rhythm.
Lab Value - Chloride (Cl )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 97 - 107 mEq/L
-Monitor the patient with hypochloremia for muscle spasms, alkalosis, and depressed
respirations.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-Monitor the patient with hyperchloremia for acidosis.
Lab Value - Magnesium (Mg )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 1.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
-Hypomagnesemia can predispose a patient to digitalis toxicity or cardiac arrhthymias. Take
seizure precautions if necessary, and monitor for laryngeal stridor.
-If hypermagnesemia is present, be alert for hypotension and shallow respirations, lethargy,
drowsiness, and coma. Don't give magnesium containing medications to patient with renal
failure or compromised renal function. Check deep tendon relfexes frequently.
Lab Value - Phosphate (PO )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
-Patients with severe hypophosphatemia are at greater risk for infection. Admin IV phosphate
products cautiously and give TPN cautiously in malnourished patients. Monitor for diarrhea
when taking oral supplements. A sudden increase in serum phosphate level can cause
hypocalcemia.
-With hyperphosphatemia, monitor for signs of tetany. Soft tissue calcification can be a long-
term complication of chronically elevated serum phosphate levels.
Lab Value - Potassium (K )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 3.8 - 5 mEq/L
-Hypokalemia can be life-threatening. Assess for hypokalemia in patients taking digoxin. Patients
with hypokalemia are at risk for cardiac arrhythmias. Monitor for muscle cramps and weakness,
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, paresthesias, fatigue, anorexia, decreased bowel motility, and an irregular heartbeat. To prevent
hypokalemia, educate about abuse of laxatives and diuretics.
- Hyperkalemia can be life-threatening. Monitor pts for arrhythmias, irritability, paresthesias,
and anxiety, as well as GI symptoms such as nausea and intestinal colic. Prevent hyperkalemia
by administering potassium correctly, according to your facility policy. Also, avoid giving pts with
renal insufficiency potassium-saving diuretics, potassium supplements, or salt substitutes. Pts
on ACE inhibitors should avoid potassium supplements.
Lab Value - Sodium (Na )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 135 - 145 mEq/L
- For pts with hyponatremia, monitor fluid losses and gains, monitor for GI symptoms (Anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping) and CNS symptoms (lethargy, confusion, muscle
twitching, seizures), and check urine specific gravity. Take seizure precautions when
hyponatremia is severe.
- When hypernatremia is present, monitor fluid losses and gains, and monitor for changes in
behavior such as restlessness, lethargy, and disorientation. Look for excessive thirst and
elevated body temp and check urine specific gravity. Give sufficient water with tube feedings to
keep serum NA+ and BUN at normal limits.
Latex allergy risk factor? - ANS Banana Allergy
Antidote / Reversal Agent - Heparin (Lovenox)? - ANS Protamine Sulfate
aPTT normal range and therapeutic? - ANS Normal 30-40 seconds. Therapeutic is 1.5 - 2.5x
seconds.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
REVIEW 2 EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Lab Value - Calcium (Ca )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL
-If a patient has severe hypocalcemia, take seizure precautions and assess the airway. Also,
monitor for tetany, tingling sensations in the tips of the fingers and around the mouth, and in
the feet. Spasms of the muscles of the extremities and the face may occur. Also, be alert for ECG
changes including a prolonged QT interval.
- If a patient has hypercalcemia, increase mobilization and encourage sufficient oral intake. Take
safety precautions if confusion is present and be alert for signs of digitalis toxicity. Also, monitor
the patient's cardiac rate and rhythm.
Lab Value - Chloride (Cl )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 97 - 107 mEq/L
-Monitor the patient with hypochloremia for muscle spasms, alkalosis, and depressed
respirations.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-Monitor the patient with hyperchloremia for acidosis.
Lab Value - Magnesium (Mg )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 1.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
-Hypomagnesemia can predispose a patient to digitalis toxicity or cardiac arrhthymias. Take
seizure precautions if necessary, and monitor for laryngeal stridor.
-If hypermagnesemia is present, be alert for hypotension and shallow respirations, lethargy,
drowsiness, and coma. Don't give magnesium containing medications to patient with renal
failure or compromised renal function. Check deep tendon relfexes frequently.
Lab Value - Phosphate (PO )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
-Patients with severe hypophosphatemia are at greater risk for infection. Admin IV phosphate
products cautiously and give TPN cautiously in malnourished patients. Monitor for diarrhea
when taking oral supplements. A sudden increase in serum phosphate level can cause
hypocalcemia.
-With hyperphosphatemia, monitor for signs of tetany. Soft tissue calcification can be a long-
term complication of chronically elevated serum phosphate levels.
Lab Value - Potassium (K )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 3.8 - 5 mEq/L
-Hypokalemia can be life-threatening. Assess for hypokalemia in patients taking digoxin. Patients
with hypokalemia are at risk for cardiac arrhythmias. Monitor for muscle cramps and weakness,
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, paresthesias, fatigue, anorexia, decreased bowel motility, and an irregular heartbeat. To prevent
hypokalemia, educate about abuse of laxatives and diuretics.
- Hyperkalemia can be life-threatening. Monitor pts for arrhythmias, irritability, paresthesias,
and anxiety, as well as GI symptoms such as nausea and intestinal colic. Prevent hyperkalemia
by administering potassium correctly, according to your facility policy. Also, avoid giving pts with
renal insufficiency potassium-saving diuretics, potassium supplements, or salt substitutes. Pts
on ACE inhibitors should avoid potassium supplements.
Lab Value - Sodium (Na )
(Serum Electrolyte) - ANS 135 - 145 mEq/L
- For pts with hyponatremia, monitor fluid losses and gains, monitor for GI symptoms (Anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping) and CNS symptoms (lethargy, confusion, muscle
twitching, seizures), and check urine specific gravity. Take seizure precautions when
hyponatremia is severe.
- When hypernatremia is present, monitor fluid losses and gains, and monitor for changes in
behavior such as restlessness, lethargy, and disorientation. Look for excessive thirst and
elevated body temp and check urine specific gravity. Give sufficient water with tube feedings to
keep serum NA+ and BUN at normal limits.
Latex allergy risk factor? - ANS Banana Allergy
Antidote / Reversal Agent - Heparin (Lovenox)? - ANS Protamine Sulfate
aPTT normal range and therapeutic? - ANS Normal 30-40 seconds. Therapeutic is 1.5 - 2.5x
seconds.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
