NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
What is Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - CORRECT ANSWER-Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in healthcare? - CORRECT ANSWER-Must
always keep a sterile field if working in one, washing hands, wearing PPE when needed.
What is passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-he transfer of preformed antibodies against
specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - CORRECT ANSWER-IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-mom to fetus through placenta
or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy.
,What is active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-a protective state owing to the immune system
response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the
body has to fight it to have long term immunity.
What are examples of active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vaccinations as they contain
altered toxins that retain the ability to produce memory cells. Second exposure activates a quicker
response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is
beyond the normal range, leading to damage.
Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgE or anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgM/IgG or cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic T cell or delayed
hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of
exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Signs and Symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-hives, runny nose,
eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
How can we treat a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-antihistamines to block
histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE
therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in EpiPens.
Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Severe Allergic reaction to peanuts
, What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Present when
antibodies attack the normal organs or blood
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood transfusions when wrong blood
given, hemolytic disease of newborn when mom and baby have different blood types causing the
moms blood to attack fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune complexes. The igG antibodies
are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-RA, lupus.
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-delayed cell mediated: there is a
delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors
on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines
Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-TB test- 48 hrs later must be read due
to delay. Contact dermatitis.
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Localized growth that is
curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity,
rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on the
location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated.
What are characteristics of malignant tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-usually cancerous. They
ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment. They can
escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions poorly or not at all related to the
tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a
poor prognosis. They also do not go through programmed apoptosis
What is anaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER-indicated by the variation in cell size, and shape within
a tumor, enlarged nucleus, abnormal division, and bizarre looking cells.
What is metastasis? - CORRECT ANSWER-processes where cancer cells escape their tissue of
origin and initiate new colonies of cancer at other sites.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
What is Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-is the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - CORRECT ANSWER-Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - CORRECT ANSWER-study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in healthcare? - CORRECT ANSWER-Must
always keep a sterile field if working in one, washing hands, wearing PPE when needed.
What is passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-he transfer of preformed antibodies against
specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized
person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - CORRECT ANSWER-IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-mom to fetus through placenta
or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy.
,What is active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-a protective state owing to the immune system
response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the
body has to fight it to have long term immunity.
What are examples of active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vaccinations as they contain
altered toxins that retain the ability to produce memory cells. Second exposure activates a quicker
response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is
beyond the normal range, leading to damage.
Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgE or anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgM/IgG or cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic T cell or delayed
hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of
exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Signs and Symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-hives, runny nose,
eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
How can we treat a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-antihistamines to block
histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE
therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in EpiPens.
Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Severe Allergic reaction to peanuts
, What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Present when
antibodies attack the normal organs or blood
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood transfusions when wrong blood
given, hemolytic disease of newborn when mom and baby have different blood types causing the
moms blood to attack fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune complexes. The igG antibodies
are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-RA, lupus.
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-delayed cell mediated: there is a
delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors
on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines
Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-TB test- 48 hrs later must be read due
to delay. Contact dermatitis.
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-Localized growth that is
curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity,
rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on the
location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated.
What are characteristics of malignant tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-usually cancerous. They
ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment. They can
escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions poorly or not at all related to the
tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a
poor prognosis. They also do not go through programmed apoptosis
What is anaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER-indicated by the variation in cell size, and shape within
a tumor, enlarged nucleus, abnormal division, and bizarre looking cells.
What is metastasis? - CORRECT ANSWER-processes where cancer cells escape their tissue of
origin and initiate new colonies of cancer at other sites.
