NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
What is gastritis? - (ANSWER)Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and
irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - (ANSWER)Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? - (ANSWER)the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower
esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes
up.
What are the causes of GERD? - (ANSWER)Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol,
smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - (ANSWER)Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead
to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis
from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - (ANSWER)epigastric burning pain that is
usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food,
duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI
bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - (ANSWER)promotes both gastric and duodenal
ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and
taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - (ANSWER)acute inflammation and necrosis of large
intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)clostridium difficile, exposure to long term
antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
,NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)foul smelling/bloody stool,
abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)wearing appropriate PPE and
washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - (ANSWER)Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of
a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs
of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? - (ANSWER)McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive
appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - (ANSWER)previous surgery of the intestines with
adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female
reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - (ANSWER)a problem with the act of the bowel actually
moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that
can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - (ANSWER)due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces,
volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - (ANSWER)hepatocellular failure (jaundice,
decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI
congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
, NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
Explain what jaundice is? - (ANSWER)green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as
the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - (ANSWER)eyes, skin, and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - (ANSWER)pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the
loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - (ANSWER)neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along
with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - (ANSWER)cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - (ANSWER)sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the
abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - (ANSWER)due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - (ANSWER)supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - (ANSWER)bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - (ANSWER)the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - (ANSWER)the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - (ANSWER)prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss,
pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
What is gastritis? - (ANSWER)Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and
irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - (ANSWER)Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? - (ANSWER)the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower
esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes
up.
What are the causes of GERD? - (ANSWER)Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol,
smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - (ANSWER)Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead
to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis
from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - (ANSWER)epigastric burning pain that is
usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food,
duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI
bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - (ANSWER)promotes both gastric and duodenal
ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and
taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - (ANSWER)acute inflammation and necrosis of large
intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)clostridium difficile, exposure to long term
antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
,NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)foul smelling/bloody stool,
abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - (ANSWER)wearing appropriate PPE and
washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - (ANSWER)Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of
a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs
of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? - (ANSWER)McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive
appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - (ANSWER)previous surgery of the intestines with
adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female
reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - (ANSWER)a problem with the act of the bowel actually
moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that
can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - (ANSWER)due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces,
volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - (ANSWER)hepatocellular failure (jaundice,
decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI
congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
, NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ LATEST
Explain what jaundice is? - (ANSWER)green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as
the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - (ANSWER)eyes, skin, and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - (ANSWER)pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the
loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - (ANSWER)neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along
with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - (ANSWER)cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - (ANSWER)sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the
abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - (ANSWER)due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - (ANSWER)supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - (ANSWER)bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - (ANSWER)the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - (ANSWER)the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - (ANSWER)prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss,
pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
