HESI RN ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE 160
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND FULL SOLUTIONS
⩥ Catecholamines. Answer: They include epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
⩥ Endorphins and Stress. Answer: Endorphins increase with stress,
resulting in a decrease in pain perception.
⩥ Diffusion. Answer: The mechanism by which lipid molecules cross
cell membranes.
⩥ Protein Synthesis. Answer: A component of anabolic metabolism.
⩥ Sodium-Potassium Pump. Answer: The electrochemical mechanism
responsible for maintaining cell volume.
⩥ Failure of the Sodium-Potassium Pump. Answer: Cellular hypoxia
results in failure of the sodium-potassium pump.
,⩥ Atrophy of Leg Muscles. Answer: A 75 yo woman develops weakness
in her lower extremities after a prolonged period of bed rest, most likely
caused by atrophy of her leg muscles.
⩥ Atrophy. Answer: A decrease in the size of muscle cells.
⩥ Dysplasia. Answer: Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues,
or organs.
⩥ Hypertrophy. Answer: An increase in the size of muscle cells.
⩥ Hyperplasia. Answer: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or
organ.
⩥ Chronic ischemia. Answer: A condition characterized by insufficient
blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of tissues.
⩥ Gas bubbles in blood. Answer: A condition that blocks circulation and
results in ischemia, commonly known as 'the bends' in deep sea divers.
⩥ Transcription. Answer: The process by which mRNA is synthesized
from single stranded DNA.
, ⩥ Recessive trait genotype. Answer: The genotype of a patient with a
recessive trait is 'aa'.
⩥ Down Syndrome chromosomal abnormality. Answer: Duplication has
been linked with Down Syndrome.
⩥ Hemophilia. Answer: A deficiency of factor VIII that causes a
bleeding disorder.
⩥ Epstein-Barr virus. Answer: A retrovirus that causes cancer.
⩥ BRCA1 gene. Answer: A gene that contributes specifically to some
breast cancer.
⩥ Grading. Answer: The histologic characteristics of tumor cells.
⩥ Early detection of cancer. Answer: Offers the best prognosis for the
cure of cancer.
⩥ Five year survival rate for cancer. Answer: The combined 5 year
survival rate for cancer is 62%.
⩥ TNM classification system. Answer: It tracks the progress of the
disease and the effectiveness of treatment.
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE 160
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
AND FULL SOLUTIONS
⩥ Catecholamines. Answer: They include epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
⩥ Endorphins and Stress. Answer: Endorphins increase with stress,
resulting in a decrease in pain perception.
⩥ Diffusion. Answer: The mechanism by which lipid molecules cross
cell membranes.
⩥ Protein Synthesis. Answer: A component of anabolic metabolism.
⩥ Sodium-Potassium Pump. Answer: The electrochemical mechanism
responsible for maintaining cell volume.
⩥ Failure of the Sodium-Potassium Pump. Answer: Cellular hypoxia
results in failure of the sodium-potassium pump.
,⩥ Atrophy of Leg Muscles. Answer: A 75 yo woman develops weakness
in her lower extremities after a prolonged period of bed rest, most likely
caused by atrophy of her leg muscles.
⩥ Atrophy. Answer: A decrease in the size of muscle cells.
⩥ Dysplasia. Answer: Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues,
or organs.
⩥ Hypertrophy. Answer: An increase in the size of muscle cells.
⩥ Hyperplasia. Answer: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or
organ.
⩥ Chronic ischemia. Answer: A condition characterized by insufficient
blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of tissues.
⩥ Gas bubbles in blood. Answer: A condition that blocks circulation and
results in ischemia, commonly known as 'the bends' in deep sea divers.
⩥ Transcription. Answer: The process by which mRNA is synthesized
from single stranded DNA.
, ⩥ Recessive trait genotype. Answer: The genotype of a patient with a
recessive trait is 'aa'.
⩥ Down Syndrome chromosomal abnormality. Answer: Duplication has
been linked with Down Syndrome.
⩥ Hemophilia. Answer: A deficiency of factor VIII that causes a
bleeding disorder.
⩥ Epstein-Barr virus. Answer: A retrovirus that causes cancer.
⩥ BRCA1 gene. Answer: A gene that contributes specifically to some
breast cancer.
⩥ Grading. Answer: The histologic characteristics of tumor cells.
⩥ Early detection of cancer. Answer: Offers the best prognosis for the
cure of cancer.
⩥ Five year survival rate for cancer. Answer: The combined 5 year
survival rate for cancer is 62%.
⩥ TNM classification system. Answer: It tracks the progress of the
disease and the effectiveness of treatment.
