NUR 529 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026 – COMPLETE
CONCEPT REVIEW & PRACTICE MATERIALS (LATEST
EDITION)
1. The primary pathophysiological mechanism behind neuropathic pain is:
A. Inflammation of somatic tissues.
B. Dysfunction or damage to the somatosensory nervous system. ✓
C. Overactivation of nociceptors in the skin.
D. Vasodilation and histamine release.
2. In metabolic acidosis with an anion gap, the unmeasured anions most commonly include:
A. Bicarbonate and chloride.
B. Lactate, ketones, and uremic acids. ✓
C. Sodium and potassium.
D. Phosphate and albumin.
3. A key feature differentiating systolic from diastolic heart failure is:
A. Presence of pulmonary edema.
B. The ejection fraction (EF). ✓
C. The presence of fatigue and dyspnea.
D. Response to diuretic therapy.
4. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the primary initial defect is best described as:
A. An absolute deficiency of insulin due to autoimmune destruction.
B. Insulin resistance accompanied by relative insulin deficiency. ✓
C. A congenital absence of pancreatic beta cells.
D. Overproduction of glucagon.
5. The pathophysiology of ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is characterized by:
A. Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane and surfactant loss. ✓
B. Bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production.
C. Collapse of lung segments due to obstruction.
D. Chronic inflammation and alveolar destruction.
6. The "third spacing" of fluid refers to:
A. Fluid loss through urine and sweat.
B. The movement of fluid into a transcellular compartment where it is physiologically
unavailable. ✓
, C. The distribution of fluid in the intracellular compartment.
D. Normal distribution of fluid in the interstitial space.
7. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating serum osmolarity?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ✓
D. Cortisol
8. In a patient with left-sided heart failure, the most likely initial clinical manifestation is:
A. Peripheral edema and hepatomegaly.
B. Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea. ✓
C. Jugular venous distension.
D. Ascites.
9. The hallmark laboratory finding in Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
(SIADH) is:
A. Hypernatremia and concentrated urine.
B. Hyponatremia with serum hypoosmolality and inappropriately concentrated urine. ✓
C. Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
D. Elevated BUN and creatinine with dilute urine.
10. Chronic hypertension primarily causes damage to end-organs by which mechanism?
A. Direct cellular toxicity.
B. Promoting atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. ✓
C. Inducing chronic hypoxemia.
D. Depleting body stores of potassium.
Section 2: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (Questions 31-60)
11. A patient on warfarin therapy has an INR of 8.0 without active bleeding. The most
appropriate immediate action is to:
A. Administer vitamin K (phytonadione) subcutaneously.
B. Administer fresh frozen plasma (FFP).
C. Hold the next dose and administer oral vitamin K as ordered. ✓
D. Administer protamine sulfate.
12. The mechanism of action of metformin is primarily to:
A. Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin.
B. Decrease hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity. ✓
CONCEPT REVIEW & PRACTICE MATERIALS (LATEST
EDITION)
1. The primary pathophysiological mechanism behind neuropathic pain is:
A. Inflammation of somatic tissues.
B. Dysfunction or damage to the somatosensory nervous system. ✓
C. Overactivation of nociceptors in the skin.
D. Vasodilation and histamine release.
2. In metabolic acidosis with an anion gap, the unmeasured anions most commonly include:
A. Bicarbonate and chloride.
B. Lactate, ketones, and uremic acids. ✓
C. Sodium and potassium.
D. Phosphate and albumin.
3. A key feature differentiating systolic from diastolic heart failure is:
A. Presence of pulmonary edema.
B. The ejection fraction (EF). ✓
C. The presence of fatigue and dyspnea.
D. Response to diuretic therapy.
4. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the primary initial defect is best described as:
A. An absolute deficiency of insulin due to autoimmune destruction.
B. Insulin resistance accompanied by relative insulin deficiency. ✓
C. A congenital absence of pancreatic beta cells.
D. Overproduction of glucagon.
5. The pathophysiology of ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is characterized by:
A. Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane and surfactant loss. ✓
B. Bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production.
C. Collapse of lung segments due to obstruction.
D. Chronic inflammation and alveolar destruction.
6. The "third spacing" of fluid refers to:
A. Fluid loss through urine and sweat.
B. The movement of fluid into a transcellular compartment where it is physiologically
unavailable. ✓
, C. The distribution of fluid in the intracellular compartment.
D. Normal distribution of fluid in the interstitial space.
7. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating serum osmolarity?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ✓
D. Cortisol
8. In a patient with left-sided heart failure, the most likely initial clinical manifestation is:
A. Peripheral edema and hepatomegaly.
B. Pulmonary congestion and dyspnea. ✓
C. Jugular venous distension.
D. Ascites.
9. The hallmark laboratory finding in Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
(SIADH) is:
A. Hypernatremia and concentrated urine.
B. Hyponatremia with serum hypoosmolality and inappropriately concentrated urine. ✓
C. Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
D. Elevated BUN and creatinine with dilute urine.
10. Chronic hypertension primarily causes damage to end-organs by which mechanism?
A. Direct cellular toxicity.
B. Promoting atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. ✓
C. Inducing chronic hypoxemia.
D. Depleting body stores of potassium.
Section 2: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (Questions 31-60)
11. A patient on warfarin therapy has an INR of 8.0 without active bleeding. The most
appropriate immediate action is to:
A. Administer vitamin K (phytonadione) subcutaneously.
B. Administer fresh frozen plasma (FFP).
C. Hold the next dose and administer oral vitamin K as ordered. ✓
D. Administer protamine sulfate.
12. The mechanism of action of metformin is primarily to:
A. Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin.
B. Decrease hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity. ✓
