PCB 3233 - Final Exam Questions and
Answers Latest 2025 A+
What are the different isotypes of heavy chain?
GAMED
-Alpha: 1 and 2
-Delta
-Gamma: 1, 2, 3, 4
-Epsilon
-Mu
Light chain (B cell)
and alpha chain (T cell) rearrangement
V→ J
What are the different isotypes of light chain?
-Kappa
-Lambda
What is the goal of somatic hypermutation?
increase what?
by rearranging what regions
While in a germinal center located inside of a secondary lymphoid
tissue, to increase affinity of B lymphocytes by rearranging the V
regions
,Cutting out one C gene in a rearranged V region and
replacing it with another C gene in the same V region to
change the subclass of Ab and thus the effector function
Isotype switching
-ensures that the two Fab regions of an Ab will be identical
-if absent, then it would produce heterozygous BCRs with
low avidity
allelic exclusion
What RNA choices are reversible?
what 2 Ig
-IgM and IgD
-membrane bound or secreted
What enzyme is involved in both somatic hypermutation and
isotype switching?
Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase (AID)
-Rolling adhesion → tight binding → diapedesis → migration
-Selections bind to vascular addressins
-Integrins bing to immunoglobulin superfamily proteins
Extravasation
What Abs can be produced simultaneously on a B cell?
IgM and IgD
What Ab(s) do immature B cells produce?
IgM
,What Ab(s) do mature B cells produce?
IgM and IgD
two subtypes: alpha and beta
interferon type 1 or 2
type 1
secreted by all nucleated cells
interferon type 1 or 2
1
alerts the immune system and inhibits viral replication
interferon type 1 or 2
1
-leads to cytotoxic NK cells
interferon type 1 or 2
1
-one subtype: gamma
-secreted by NK, CD8, and TH1 cells
-acts on macrophages to secrete IL-12 to lead to cytokine
producing NK cells
-increases presentation of viral peptides on MHC I
what interferion type 1 or 2
, INterferion type 2
-one subtype: gamma
interferon type 1 or 2
2
-secreted by NK, CD8, and TH1 cells
interferon type 1 or 2
2
acts on macrophages to secrete IL-12 to lead to cytokine
producing NK cells
interferon type 1 or 2
2
increases presentation of viral peptides on MHC I
interferon type 1 or 2
2
interferon type 1 or
IL-8/CXCL-8
induces proliferation of B cells
-tells T cells what to do next in maturation
-secreted by thymic stromal cells
IL-2,4,5,7
Answers Latest 2025 A+
What are the different isotypes of heavy chain?
GAMED
-Alpha: 1 and 2
-Delta
-Gamma: 1, 2, 3, 4
-Epsilon
-Mu
Light chain (B cell)
and alpha chain (T cell) rearrangement
V→ J
What are the different isotypes of light chain?
-Kappa
-Lambda
What is the goal of somatic hypermutation?
increase what?
by rearranging what regions
While in a germinal center located inside of a secondary lymphoid
tissue, to increase affinity of B lymphocytes by rearranging the V
regions
,Cutting out one C gene in a rearranged V region and
replacing it with another C gene in the same V region to
change the subclass of Ab and thus the effector function
Isotype switching
-ensures that the two Fab regions of an Ab will be identical
-if absent, then it would produce heterozygous BCRs with
low avidity
allelic exclusion
What RNA choices are reversible?
what 2 Ig
-IgM and IgD
-membrane bound or secreted
What enzyme is involved in both somatic hypermutation and
isotype switching?
Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase (AID)
-Rolling adhesion → tight binding → diapedesis → migration
-Selections bind to vascular addressins
-Integrins bing to immunoglobulin superfamily proteins
Extravasation
What Abs can be produced simultaneously on a B cell?
IgM and IgD
What Ab(s) do immature B cells produce?
IgM
,What Ab(s) do mature B cells produce?
IgM and IgD
two subtypes: alpha and beta
interferon type 1 or 2
type 1
secreted by all nucleated cells
interferon type 1 or 2
1
alerts the immune system and inhibits viral replication
interferon type 1 or 2
1
-leads to cytotoxic NK cells
interferon type 1 or 2
1
-one subtype: gamma
-secreted by NK, CD8, and TH1 cells
-acts on macrophages to secrete IL-12 to lead to cytokine
producing NK cells
-increases presentation of viral peptides on MHC I
what interferion type 1 or 2
, INterferion type 2
-one subtype: gamma
interferon type 1 or 2
2
-secreted by NK, CD8, and TH1 cells
interferon type 1 or 2
2
acts on macrophages to secrete IL-12 to lead to cytokine
producing NK cells
interferon type 1 or 2
2
increases presentation of viral peptides on MHC I
interferon type 1 or 2
2
interferon type 1 or
IL-8/CXCL-8
induces proliferation of B cells
-tells T cells what to do next in maturation
-secreted by thymic stromal cells
IL-2,4,5,7
