Answers Graded A+1
duty to intervene - Answers Officers possess "an affirmative duty to protect the constitutional
rights of citizens from infringement by other law enforcement officers.
De-escalation - Answers May include the use of such techniques as command presence,
advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and tactical repositioning.
use of force - Answers The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) defines as 'that
amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject.'
U.S. Constitution - Answers Officers may not use force under any circumstances when the force
violates the U.S. Constitution.
Reasonableness - Answers The test under the 4th Amendment is not capable of a precise
definition or mechanical application ... Its proper application requires careful attention to the
facts of each particular case.
Graham - Answers The Supreme Court in the Graham case reiterated that the standard for
analyzing excessive force claims is 'objective reasonableness.'
totality of the circumstances - Answers Decisions must be based on the totality of the
circumstances and how they are evolving at the time of the incident.
passive resistance - Answers The courts have held that less force is justified when officers are
faced with only passive resistance by a person.
officer's perception - Answers In selecting force options, an officer's perception of what is
taking place is critical.
Opportunity - Answers This indicates that the action or threat perceived by the officer is
imminent.
Intent - Answers A person's intent must usually be inferred from their words and/or actions.
Perceptions - Answers Officers should be careful to fully document their perceptions of the
subject's ability, opportunity, and intent to threaten or harm the officer or a third party.
Small - Answers No fact or circumstance is too small to include in a report following a decision
to use force.
deadly force - Answers The force used should not be greater than necessary, and in no
instances will deadly force be used except in the situations provided by statutory law and
departmental regulations.
Deadly Force - Answers Deadly Force is the force that can only be interpreted as creating a
, substantial risk of causing death or serious injury to a subject.
Moment - Answers The determination of whether deadly force was reasonable focuses on the
moment that deadly force was used, not the whole episode.
Reporting - Answers North Carolina state law also requires not only intervening to stop use of
excessive force by another officer if there is a reasonable opportunity to do so but also
reporting the excessive force to your agency even when not able to intervene.
72 hours - Answers The observing officer shall, within a reasonable period of time not to exceed
72 hours thereafter, report what the officer reasonably believes to be an unauthorized use of
force to a superior law enforcement officer within the agency of the observing officer.
Increased - Answers The military close quarter combat concept that distance equals increased
reaction time.
six - Answers It is recommended that an officer maintain a reactionary distance of six feet as a
minimum.
Inside - Answers Position - Directly in front of subject - area to avoid, especially if the movement
will position the officer subject.
Interview - Answers Position - Approximately 45º off either of the subject's front shoulders.
Escort - Answers Position - 45º from the rear of either of the subject's shoulders.
disengage - Answers If the officer is unable to establish an immediate tactical advantage for
purposes of control and officer safety, then the officer's goal should be to disengage.
Control - Answers When possible, officers should attempt to effect control of a subject in an
area or position which affords them the highest degree of security.
Carelessness - Answers Improper or inadequate search is an example of Officer Carelessness.
Overconfidence - Answers The development of a false sense of security is an example of
Officer Overconfidence.
appropriate personnel - Answers If suicidal tendencies are noted by an officer, the person
should be reported to appropriate personnel.
Armed - Answers When the arrest warrant is for a felony drug offense, it is reasonable to
suspect the offender might be Armed.
Scan - Answers The officer should scan the area when approaching for the arrest.
protective vest - Answers This squared-off positioning in the interview stance will also allow a
protective vest to perform at an optimum level.