UPDATE 2025/2026
Intentional - Answers language that expresses only what the speaker or writer or painter wants
to say, his or her personally intended meaning
Language - Answers Any sound, word, image or object which functions as a sign, and is
organized with other signs into a system which is capable of carrying and expressing meaning
Reflective - Answers language simply reflects a meaning which already exists out there in the
world of objects, people and events "a rose is a rose is a rose" -Gertrude Stein (poet)
Constructionist - Answers meaning constructed in and through language
Why is the Constructionist approach most studied in this course? - Answers because it is this
perspective which has had the most significant impact on cultural studies in recent years
Representation - Answers representation means using language to say something meaningful
about, or to represent, the world meaningfully, to other people
Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and
exchanged between members of a culture. It involves the use of language, of signs and images
which stand for or represent things
Constructionist: The Semiotic approach - Answers greatly influenced by the Swiss linguist,
Ferdinand de Saussure
Constructionist: The Discursive approach - Answers associated with the French philosopher and
historian, Michel Foucault.
Iconic signs - Answers Visual signs
they bear, in their form, a certain resemblance to the object, person or event to which they refer
Indexical signs - Answers Written or spoken signs
They bear no obvious relationship at all to the things to which they refer.
Codes - Answers Codes fix the relationships between concepts and signs
Mimesis; mimetic - Answers explains how language, even drawings and paintings, mirror or
imitate nature
Language is a social system - Answers this means that our private thoughts have to negotiate
with all the other meanings for words or images which have been stored in language which our
use of the language system will inevitably trigger into action
, page 16 to page 29 - Answers
page 16 to page 29 - Answers ...
Saussure and Barthe were concerned with the science of - Answers meaning
The advertisement for Panzani represents - Answers Italianness
What is discourse? - Answers the production of knowledge through language
If I say that blue jeans represent a particular casualness, is that connotation or denotation? -
Answers connotation
Denotation - Answers the simple, basic, descriptive level, where consensus is wide and most
people would agree on the meaning ('dress', 'jeans').
Connotation - Answers connects to broader themes and meanings
Here we are beginning to interpret the completed signs in terms of the wider realms of social
ideology
- the general beliefs, conceptual frameworks and value systems of society
knowledge and power are always linked in the regulation of social conduct - Answers True
What is a pervasive, all-encompassing power that is cultural, coercive and economic - Answers
Hegemony
The way students sit in a classroom is an example of - Answers dispersed power
Which of the following is not a part of the circuit of culture - Answers Synthetization
Circuit of culture:
Representation
identity
production
What approach to culture would analyze the Mona Lisa? - Answers traditional approach
In the traditional view of culture, which of the following is an example of "low culture"? -
Answers comic books