PORTAGE MICROBIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW //
COMPLETE MASTER STUDY GUIDE // UPDATED KEY
CONCEPTS & PRACTICE QUESTIONS // A+ VERIFIED PREP
FOR 2025/2026
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from
elemental sulfur would be classified as a __________? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation
process? - CORRECT ANSWER -The chemical compound losing the
phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive
intermediate.
Identify the products of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - CORRECT
ANSWER -The products are to the right of the arrow: 2NADH, 2
Pyruvates and 2 ATP
What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - CORRECT ANSWER -C and D. The TCA cycle
produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and
FADH2).
True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the
electron transport system. - CORRECT ANSWER -False. The
products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron carriers) enter and drive the
production of ATP via the electron transport system.
,In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as
alternative energy sources? Select all that apply.
A. Lactose
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER -A, C, D can all be used as
alternative energy sources.
For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes
are used? Select all that apply.
A. Ligases
B. Proteases
C. Transferases
D. Lipases - CORRECT ANSWER -Proteases and lipase
True or False. The β-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains
of lipids. - CORRECT ANSWER -True
True or False. Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts. -
CORRECT ANSWER -False. Chloroplasts are specific to algae and
plants only.
The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following
reactants: select all that apply.
A. ATP
B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C. CO2
D. NADPH
,E. H2O - CORRECT ANSWER -A, C, D, and E. Carbon fixation uses
the ATP/NADPH produced during light reactions to convert CO2 and
H2O into useful sources of energy (carbohydrates).
What is one of the main functions of light reactions? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main
functions is to generate a proton concentration gradient to generate
ATP.
True or False: Dark reactions can occur in the presence or absence of
light. - CORRECT ANSWER -True. The term 'dark reactions' (also
known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in
photosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order
to occur.
How many turns (or repititions) of the Calvin Cycle are required to
generate one molecule of glucose? - CORRECT ANSWER -Six.
Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers
where indicated.
__CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 → __C6H12O6 + __ADP +
__NADP+ - CORRECT ANSWER -6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH +
12 H20 → C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+
Match the following reactions to its corresponding enzyme:
1. A + B → A-B
2. A-B → A + B
3. A- + B →A + B-
4. Ab + C → A + Cb
, A- Lyases
B- Transferases
C- Oxioreductaces
D- Hydrolases
E- Ligases
F- Isomerases - CORRECT ANSWER -1E 1. A + B → A-B Ligases
2A 2. A-B → A + B Lyases
3C 3. A— + B → A + B— Oxioreductaces
4B 4. Ab + C → A + Cb Transferases
A micrometer is defined as
A. 10-3
B. 10-6
C.10-9
D. 10-12 - CORRECT ANSWER -B. A micrometer is one-millionth of
a meter.
True or False: A nanometer is longer than a micrometer. - CORRECT
ANSWER -False. A nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a
micrometer.
Resolution and contrast are two critical factors that influence your ability
to see an object. Explain each. - CORRECT ANSWER -Resolution
refers to the distance between two objects at which the objects still can
be seen as separate. Poor or low resolution means two (or more)
objects may appear as one.
COMPLETE MASTER STUDY GUIDE // UPDATED KEY
CONCEPTS & PRACTICE QUESTIONS // A+ VERIFIED PREP
FOR 2025/2026
An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from
elemental sulfur would be classified as a __________? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Lithotroph
A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation
process? - CORRECT ANSWER -The chemical compound losing the
phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive
intermediate.
Identify the products of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - CORRECT
ANSWER -The products are to the right of the arrow: 2NADH, 2
Pyruvates and 2 ATP
What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADH
D. FADH2 - CORRECT ANSWER -C and D. The TCA cycle
produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and
FADH2).
True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the
electron transport system. - CORRECT ANSWER -False. The
products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron carriers) enter and drive the
production of ATP via the electron transport system.
,In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as
alternative energy sources? Select all that apply.
A. Lactose
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER -A, C, D can all be used as
alternative energy sources.
For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes
are used? Select all that apply.
A. Ligases
B. Proteases
C. Transferases
D. Lipases - CORRECT ANSWER -Proteases and lipase
True or False. The β-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains
of lipids. - CORRECT ANSWER -True
True or False. Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts. -
CORRECT ANSWER -False. Chloroplasts are specific to algae and
plants only.
The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following
reactants: select all that apply.
A. ATP
B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C. CO2
D. NADPH
,E. H2O - CORRECT ANSWER -A, C, D, and E. Carbon fixation uses
the ATP/NADPH produced during light reactions to convert CO2 and
H2O into useful sources of energy (carbohydrates).
What is one of the main functions of light reactions? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main
functions is to generate a proton concentration gradient to generate
ATP.
True or False: Dark reactions can occur in the presence or absence of
light. - CORRECT ANSWER -True. The term 'dark reactions' (also
known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in
photosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order
to occur.
How many turns (or repititions) of the Calvin Cycle are required to
generate one molecule of glucose? - CORRECT ANSWER -Six.
Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers
where indicated.
__CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 → __C6H12O6 + __ADP +
__NADP+ - CORRECT ANSWER -6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH +
12 H20 → C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+
Match the following reactions to its corresponding enzyme:
1. A + B → A-B
2. A-B → A + B
3. A- + B →A + B-
4. Ab + C → A + Cb
, A- Lyases
B- Transferases
C- Oxioreductaces
D- Hydrolases
E- Ligases
F- Isomerases - CORRECT ANSWER -1E 1. A + B → A-B Ligases
2A 2. A-B → A + B Lyases
3C 3. A— + B → A + B— Oxioreductaces
4B 4. Ab + C → A + Cb Transferases
A micrometer is defined as
A. 10-3
B. 10-6
C.10-9
D. 10-12 - CORRECT ANSWER -B. A micrometer is one-millionth of
a meter.
True or False: A nanometer is longer than a micrometer. - CORRECT
ANSWER -False. A nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a
micrometer.
Resolution and contrast are two critical factors that influence your ability
to see an object. Explain each. - CORRECT ANSWER -Resolution
refers to the distance between two objects at which the objects still can
be seen as separate. Poor or low resolution means two (or more)
objects may appear as one.
