Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology Diploma (ITEC)
www.goldeneggholistic.com
, Table of Contents
1. The Cell Page 4
2. The Skin Page 11
3. Nails & Hair Page 18
4. The Skeletal System Page 21
5. The Muscular System Page 32
6. The Cardiovascular System Page 41
7. The Lymphatic System Page 51
8. The Nervous System Page 55
9. The Endocrine System Page 64
10. The Reproductive System Page 71
11. The Digestive System Page 75
12. The Respiratory System Page 83
13. The Excretory System (Urinary) Page 87
,Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
It is important for a Holistic Therapist to have a detailed knowledge of how the body works. You must be able
to identify parts of the body and to know their structures and functions. You must have sound knowledge of
how the body works and how different parts of the body integrate with one another.
1. Cells, tissues, membranes
2. The Skeletal System and Joints
3. The Muscular System
4. The Skin
5. The Cardiovascular System
6. The Lymphatic System
7. The Digestive System
8. The Endocrine System
9. The Nervous System
10. The Respiratory System
11. The Urinary System
12. The Reproductive System
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of its parts.
Physiology is the study of how the body works.
Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position is with a person standing up, facing observer, feet are flat on the ground and
forward, arms are at the sides, with palms facing out.
Supine is when the body is lying down, face up.
Prone is when the body is lying down, face down.
The principal Regions of the body are:
Head: Skull and face
Neck: Supports the head and attaches to truck
Trunk: Chest, abdomen and pelvis
Upper limbs: Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
Lower limbs: Buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot.
The main Directional terms are:
Superior: towards the head/upper part of a structure
Inferior: away from the head/lower part of a structure
Anterior: to the front of the body
Posterior: to the back of the body
Medial: to the centre of the body/near the midline
Lateral: to the outer parts of the body/away from the midline
Proximal: close to the source/attachment/origin
Distal: away from the source/attachment/origin
Superficial: towards the surface of the body
Deep: away from the surface of the body
, Homeostasis (balance)
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within
certain limits. Each system in the body should function to maintain a constant internal environment for each
cell to survive. Some factors have to be kept within certain limits to keep this consistency:
Temperature
Water concentration
pH (acidity/alkalinity)
Glucose levels
Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Blood pressure
This is done through communication systems within the body that detect changes in the environment, and
through feedback mechanisms.
Survival Needs of the Body Systems involved
Internal transportation Circulatory & Lymphatic System
Communication to outside the body Nervous system; Special senses; Respiratory;
Skeletal; Muscular; Joints
Communication within the body Nervous system; Endocrine System
Intake of food Digestive system
Intake of Oxygen Respiratory system
Elimination of Waste Respiratory; Urinary; Digestive; Skin
Protection against external Skin; membranes lining open passages
Movement in external environment Skeletal; muscular; joints; nervous; special senses
Reproduction Male and female reproductive organs; hormones
www.goldeneggholistic.com
, Table of Contents
1. The Cell Page 4
2. The Skin Page 11
3. Nails & Hair Page 18
4. The Skeletal System Page 21
5. The Muscular System Page 32
6. The Cardiovascular System Page 41
7. The Lymphatic System Page 51
8. The Nervous System Page 55
9. The Endocrine System Page 64
10. The Reproductive System Page 71
11. The Digestive System Page 75
12. The Respiratory System Page 83
13. The Excretory System (Urinary) Page 87
,Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
It is important for a Holistic Therapist to have a detailed knowledge of how the body works. You must be able
to identify parts of the body and to know their structures and functions. You must have sound knowledge of
how the body works and how different parts of the body integrate with one another.
1. Cells, tissues, membranes
2. The Skeletal System and Joints
3. The Muscular System
4. The Skin
5. The Cardiovascular System
6. The Lymphatic System
7. The Digestive System
8. The Endocrine System
9. The Nervous System
10. The Respiratory System
11. The Urinary System
12. The Reproductive System
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of its parts.
Physiology is the study of how the body works.
Anatomical Terms
The Anatomical Position is with a person standing up, facing observer, feet are flat on the ground and
forward, arms are at the sides, with palms facing out.
Supine is when the body is lying down, face up.
Prone is when the body is lying down, face down.
The principal Regions of the body are:
Head: Skull and face
Neck: Supports the head and attaches to truck
Trunk: Chest, abdomen and pelvis
Upper limbs: Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
Lower limbs: Buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot.
The main Directional terms are:
Superior: towards the head/upper part of a structure
Inferior: away from the head/lower part of a structure
Anterior: to the front of the body
Posterior: to the back of the body
Medial: to the centre of the body/near the midline
Lateral: to the outer parts of the body/away from the midline
Proximal: close to the source/attachment/origin
Distal: away from the source/attachment/origin
Superficial: towards the surface of the body
Deep: away from the surface of the body
, Homeostasis (balance)
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within
certain limits. Each system in the body should function to maintain a constant internal environment for each
cell to survive. Some factors have to be kept within certain limits to keep this consistency:
Temperature
Water concentration
pH (acidity/alkalinity)
Glucose levels
Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Blood pressure
This is done through communication systems within the body that detect changes in the environment, and
through feedback mechanisms.
Survival Needs of the Body Systems involved
Internal transportation Circulatory & Lymphatic System
Communication to outside the body Nervous system; Special senses; Respiratory;
Skeletal; Muscular; Joints
Communication within the body Nervous system; Endocrine System
Intake of food Digestive system
Intake of Oxygen Respiratory system
Elimination of Waste Respiratory; Urinary; Digestive; Skin
Protection against external Skin; membranes lining open passages
Movement in external environment Skeletal; muscular; joints; nervous; special senses
Reproduction Male and female reproductive organs; hormones
