STRAIGHTERLINE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1 LAB EXAM SCRIPT 2026 BIO201L COMPLETE
WORKSHEETS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Plasma membrane. Answer: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins that controls passage of molecules, ions, and wastes in and
out of cell
◉ Nucleus. Answer: Cell's control center that stores genetic
instructions in DNA and sends commands via molecular messengers
◉ Nucleolus. Answer: Structure within nucleus that plays key role in
ribosome assembly
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: Cell's powerhouses that generate ATP
through cellular respiration; contain double membrane with inner
folds called cristae
◉ Centrosome. Answer: Organelle containing centrioles that
organizes microtubules and plays role in cell division
,◉ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Answer: Organelle involved in
protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and regulating cellular calcium
levels
◉ Rough ER (RER). Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
attached; involved in protein synthesis
◉ Smooth ER (SER). Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum without
ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and calcium regulation
◉ Ribosome. Answer: Organelle responsible for protein synthesis by
translating genetic information from mRNA into amino acid
sequences
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: Organelle that sorts, modifies, and ships
products from RER; functions like a post office
◉ Lysosome. Answer: Cell's garbage disposal containing enzymes
that break down biomolecules and worn-out organelles
◉ Glycolipid. Answer: Molecule composed of carbohydrate attached
to lipid; plays role in cell recognition and communication
, ◉ Cholesterol. Answer: Waxy, fat-like substance essential for
building cell membranes and producing certain hormones
◉ Amphipathic. Answer: Describes molecules that have both
hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling)
regions
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: Double layer of phospholipids
forming cell membrane with hydrophilic heads facing outward and
hydrophobic tails facing inward
◉ Integral protein. Answer: Protein embedded in membrane bilayer;
includes channel proteins, recognition proteins, and receptor
proteins
◉ Peripheral protein. Answer: Protein located on inner or outer
membrane surface; performs functions like nutrient breakdown
◉ Channel protein. Answer: Integral protein that allows specific ions
to pass through membrane
◉ Recognition protein. Answer: Integral protein that identifies the
cell
1 LAB EXAM SCRIPT 2026 BIO201L COMPLETE
WORKSHEETS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Plasma membrane. Answer: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins that controls passage of molecules, ions, and wastes in and
out of cell
◉ Nucleus. Answer: Cell's control center that stores genetic
instructions in DNA and sends commands via molecular messengers
◉ Nucleolus. Answer: Structure within nucleus that plays key role in
ribosome assembly
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: Cell's powerhouses that generate ATP
through cellular respiration; contain double membrane with inner
folds called cristae
◉ Centrosome. Answer: Organelle containing centrioles that
organizes microtubules and plays role in cell division
,◉ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Answer: Organelle involved in
protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and regulating cellular calcium
levels
◉ Rough ER (RER). Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
attached; involved in protein synthesis
◉ Smooth ER (SER). Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum without
ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and calcium regulation
◉ Ribosome. Answer: Organelle responsible for protein synthesis by
translating genetic information from mRNA into amino acid
sequences
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: Organelle that sorts, modifies, and ships
products from RER; functions like a post office
◉ Lysosome. Answer: Cell's garbage disposal containing enzymes
that break down biomolecules and worn-out organelles
◉ Glycolipid. Answer: Molecule composed of carbohydrate attached
to lipid; plays role in cell recognition and communication
, ◉ Cholesterol. Answer: Waxy, fat-like substance essential for
building cell membranes and producing certain hormones
◉ Amphipathic. Answer: Describes molecules that have both
hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling)
regions
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: Double layer of phospholipids
forming cell membrane with hydrophilic heads facing outward and
hydrophobic tails facing inward
◉ Integral protein. Answer: Protein embedded in membrane bilayer;
includes channel proteins, recognition proteins, and receptor
proteins
◉ Peripheral protein. Answer: Protein located on inner or outer
membrane surface; performs functions like nutrient breakdown
◉ Channel protein. Answer: Integral protein that allows specific ions
to pass through membrane
◉ Recognition protein. Answer: Integral protein that identifies the
cell
