Microbiology: Tortora: Chapter 19 Test
Bank Questions All Solved Correct
2025-2026 Updated.
hypersensitivity - Answer refers to an antigenic response that results in undesirable effects.
Example: allergies
hypersensitivity - Answer An altered, enhanced immune reaction leading to pathological
changes; also called allergy.
allergen - Answer An antigen that evokes a hypersensitivity response.
immunopathology - Answer The study of hypersensitivity reactions
anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immune complex, and cell-mediated (or delayed-type) reactions -
Answer What are the four principal types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Hypersensitivity - Answer ___________________ responses occur in individuals who have
been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen
the body's immune system reacts to it in a damaging manner - Answer Hypersensitivity
responses occur in individuals who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen,
which in this context is often called an allergen. What happens when a sensitized individual is
exposed to that antigen again?
increasing - Answer Incidence of food and environmental allergies is _________________ in
developed nations.
the hygiene hypothesis - Answer suggests that limiting childhood exposure to bacteria and
parasites may lower immune tolerance and limit the body's ability to cope with harmless
antigens, such as food or pollen.
Parasites - Answer ___________________ such as worms are commonly found in developing
areas but are mostly absent from places with modern sanitation and good health care
infrastructure.
,Type I reactions (anaphylactic reactions) - Answer Reactions that occur occur 2 to 30 minutes
after a sensitized person is re-exposed to an antigen
Anaphylaxis - Answer A hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies, mast cells, and
basophils.
systemic reactions - Answer Anaphylactic responses can be __________________, producing
shock and breathing difficulties that are sometimes fatal.
localized reactions - Answer Anaphylactic responses can also be ______________________,
including common allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (slightly raised, often
itchy and reddened areas of the skin).
IgE antibodies - Answer The ________________ antibodies produced in response to an
antigen (such as insect venom or plant pollen) bind to the surfaces of mast cells and basophils.
Both cell types are similar in morphology and in their contribution to allergic reactions.
mast cell - Answer A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and
other substances that stimulate vasodilation.
the mucosal and connective tissue of the skin and respiratory tract and in surrounding blood
vessels - Answer Where are mast cells prevalent?
basophil - Answer A granulocyte (leukocyte) that readily takes up basic dye and is not
phagocytic; has receptors for IgE Fc regions.
basophils - Answer __________________ in the bloodstream are recruited to the site of an
infection
granules of histamine and other chemical mediators - Answer Mast cells and basophils
contain?
IgE - Answer Mast cells and basophils can have as many as 500,000 sites per cell for
______________ attachment
,degranulation - Answer Mast cells and basophils can have as many as 500,000 sites per cell
for IgE attachment. The Fc (stem) region of an IgE antibody can attach to one of these specific
receptor sites on such a cell, leaving two antigen-binding sites free. Of course, the attached IgE
monomers will not all be specific for the same antigen. But when an antigen encounters two
adjacent antibodies of the same appropriate specificity, it can bind to one antigen-binding site
on each antibody, bridging the space between them. This bridge triggers the mast cell or
basophil to undergo ________________, a cellular process that releases the granules inside
these cells along with the mediators they contain
the mediators inside the granules of mast and basophil cells that release during degranulation -
Answer What causes the unpleasant and damaging effects of an allergic reaction?
histamine - Answer A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary
permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
histamine - Answer The best-known mediator, ________________, is stored in the granules
of the mast cells and basophils
histamine - Answer This released mediator increases blood flow and the permeability of
blood capillaries, resulting in edema (swelling) and erythema (redness). Other effects include
increased mucus secretion (a runny nose, for example) and smooth muscle contraction, which
in the respiratory bronchi results in breathing difficulty.
leukotrienes and prostaglandins - Answer Mediators that are not preformed and stored in
the granules, but rather are synthesized by the antigen-triggered cell
leukotrienes - Answer A substance produced by mast cells and basophils that causes
increased permeability of blood vessels and helps phagocytes attach to pathogens.
prostaglandins - Answer A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells,
intensifies inflammation.
leukotrienes - Answer Because this type of mediator tends to cause prolonged contractions
of certain smooth muscles, their action contributes to spasms of the bronchial tubes that occur
during asthma attacks.
Prostaglandins - Answer This mediator affects smooth muscles of the respiratory system and
, systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - Answer A hypersensitivity reaction causing
vasodilation and resulting in shock;
systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - Answer This reaction results when the release
of mediators causes peripheral blood vessels throughout the body to dilate, resulting in a drop
in blood pressure (shock). In addition, symptoms including narrowing of airway passages
causing respiratory distress, flush or skin rash, tingling sensations, and nausea. This reaction can
be fatal within a few minutes. There is very little time to act once someone develops this
reaction.
Treatment usually involves self-administration with a preloaded syringe of epinephrine, a drug
that constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure - Answer What is the treatment
for systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)?
Injected - Answer Even a small dose of the antigen in question may cause a systemic reaction
in someone who is sensitized to it. ______________ antigens are more likely to cause a
dramatic response than antigens introduced via other portals of entry.
anaphylaxis - Answer The risk of __________________ is one of the reasons why health care
providers ask patients about any known drug allergies before treatment occurs.
penicillin allergies - Answer In the United States, this drug allergy occurs in about 3-10% of
the population.
penicillin - Answer This common antibiotic is a hapten that combines with a carrier serum
protein to cause an immune response in allergic individuals.
orally administering a series of increasing doses of penicillin V over a short time period
(completed within 4 hours) immediately prior to the procedure. - Answer Skin tests for
penicillin sensitivity are available. Patients with a positive skin test can be effectively
desensitized for a treatment. This is done by?
True - Answer T or F: Allergy to penicillin also includes risk from exposure to some related
drugs, such as amoxicillin and carbapenem
localized anaphylaxis - Answer __________________ anaphylaxis usually immediate,
Bank Questions All Solved Correct
2025-2026 Updated.
hypersensitivity - Answer refers to an antigenic response that results in undesirable effects.
Example: allergies
hypersensitivity - Answer An altered, enhanced immune reaction leading to pathological
changes; also called allergy.
allergen - Answer An antigen that evokes a hypersensitivity response.
immunopathology - Answer The study of hypersensitivity reactions
anaphylactic, cytotoxic, immune complex, and cell-mediated (or delayed-type) reactions -
Answer What are the four principal types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Hypersensitivity - Answer ___________________ responses occur in individuals who have
been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen
the body's immune system reacts to it in a damaging manner - Answer Hypersensitivity
responses occur in individuals who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen,
which in this context is often called an allergen. What happens when a sensitized individual is
exposed to that antigen again?
increasing - Answer Incidence of food and environmental allergies is _________________ in
developed nations.
the hygiene hypothesis - Answer suggests that limiting childhood exposure to bacteria and
parasites may lower immune tolerance and limit the body's ability to cope with harmless
antigens, such as food or pollen.
Parasites - Answer ___________________ such as worms are commonly found in developing
areas but are mostly absent from places with modern sanitation and good health care
infrastructure.
,Type I reactions (anaphylactic reactions) - Answer Reactions that occur occur 2 to 30 minutes
after a sensitized person is re-exposed to an antigen
Anaphylaxis - Answer A hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies, mast cells, and
basophils.
systemic reactions - Answer Anaphylactic responses can be __________________, producing
shock and breathing difficulties that are sometimes fatal.
localized reactions - Answer Anaphylactic responses can also be ______________________,
including common allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma, and hives (slightly raised, often
itchy and reddened areas of the skin).
IgE antibodies - Answer The ________________ antibodies produced in response to an
antigen (such as insect venom or plant pollen) bind to the surfaces of mast cells and basophils.
Both cell types are similar in morphology and in their contribution to allergic reactions.
mast cell - Answer A type of cell found throughout the body that contains histamine and
other substances that stimulate vasodilation.
the mucosal and connective tissue of the skin and respiratory tract and in surrounding blood
vessels - Answer Where are mast cells prevalent?
basophil - Answer A granulocyte (leukocyte) that readily takes up basic dye and is not
phagocytic; has receptors for IgE Fc regions.
basophils - Answer __________________ in the bloodstream are recruited to the site of an
infection
granules of histamine and other chemical mediators - Answer Mast cells and basophils
contain?
IgE - Answer Mast cells and basophils can have as many as 500,000 sites per cell for
______________ attachment
,degranulation - Answer Mast cells and basophils can have as many as 500,000 sites per cell
for IgE attachment. The Fc (stem) region of an IgE antibody can attach to one of these specific
receptor sites on such a cell, leaving two antigen-binding sites free. Of course, the attached IgE
monomers will not all be specific for the same antigen. But when an antigen encounters two
adjacent antibodies of the same appropriate specificity, it can bind to one antigen-binding site
on each antibody, bridging the space between them. This bridge triggers the mast cell or
basophil to undergo ________________, a cellular process that releases the granules inside
these cells along with the mediators they contain
the mediators inside the granules of mast and basophil cells that release during degranulation -
Answer What causes the unpleasant and damaging effects of an allergic reaction?
histamine - Answer A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary
permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
histamine - Answer The best-known mediator, ________________, is stored in the granules
of the mast cells and basophils
histamine - Answer This released mediator increases blood flow and the permeability of
blood capillaries, resulting in edema (swelling) and erythema (redness). Other effects include
increased mucus secretion (a runny nose, for example) and smooth muscle contraction, which
in the respiratory bronchi results in breathing difficulty.
leukotrienes and prostaglandins - Answer Mediators that are not preformed and stored in
the granules, but rather are synthesized by the antigen-triggered cell
leukotrienes - Answer A substance produced by mast cells and basophils that causes
increased permeability of blood vessels and helps phagocytes attach to pathogens.
prostaglandins - Answer A hormonelike substance that is released by damaged cells,
intensifies inflammation.
leukotrienes - Answer Because this type of mediator tends to cause prolonged contractions
of certain smooth muscles, their action contributes to spasms of the bronchial tubes that occur
during asthma attacks.
Prostaglandins - Answer This mediator affects smooth muscles of the respiratory system and
, systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - Answer A hypersensitivity reaction causing
vasodilation and resulting in shock;
systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - Answer This reaction results when the release
of mediators causes peripheral blood vessels throughout the body to dilate, resulting in a drop
in blood pressure (shock). In addition, symptoms including narrowing of airway passages
causing respiratory distress, flush or skin rash, tingling sensations, and nausea. This reaction can
be fatal within a few minutes. There is very little time to act once someone develops this
reaction.
Treatment usually involves self-administration with a preloaded syringe of epinephrine, a drug
that constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure - Answer What is the treatment
for systematic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)?
Injected - Answer Even a small dose of the antigen in question may cause a systemic reaction
in someone who is sensitized to it. ______________ antigens are more likely to cause a
dramatic response than antigens introduced via other portals of entry.
anaphylaxis - Answer The risk of __________________ is one of the reasons why health care
providers ask patients about any known drug allergies before treatment occurs.
penicillin allergies - Answer In the United States, this drug allergy occurs in about 3-10% of
the population.
penicillin - Answer This common antibiotic is a hapten that combines with a carrier serum
protein to cause an immune response in allergic individuals.
orally administering a series of increasing doses of penicillin V over a short time period
(completed within 4 hours) immediately prior to the procedure. - Answer Skin tests for
penicillin sensitivity are available. Patients with a positive skin test can be effectively
desensitized for a treatment. This is done by?
True - Answer T or F: Allergy to penicillin also includes risk from exposure to some related
drugs, such as amoxicillin and carbapenem
localized anaphylaxis - Answer __________________ anaphylaxis usually immediate,
