Microbiology Introduction 13th ed.
Tortora, Funke and Case Test Bank
with Actual Detailed Solutions 2025-
2026 Updated.
Prokaryote - Answer A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles with singularly arranged chromosomes. Their DNA is not associated with histones
and generally lack organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan
Divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes - Answer Cells that contain nuclei
DNA is found in cll's nucleus, and DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins
called histones and with nonhistones.
They have mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and and sometimes
chloroplasts.
Their cell walls are chemically simple.
Cell division usually involves mitosits in which chromosomes replicate and and identialc set is
distrubited into each of two nuclei. Division of the cytoplasm and other organelles occur so that
the two cells produced are identical to each other.
Prokaryotic cell structure - Answer 3 basic shapes
Bacillus - Rod-shaped
Coccus - Spherical
Spirillum - Helical-shaped
Most bacteria range from .2t 2.0um in diameter and 2 to 8um in length.
monomophric : one shape all the time
pleomorphic : can have many shapes not jsut one.
Glycocalyx: bacteria secrete this on thier surface composed of polysaccaride, polypeptid, or
both. It varies widely from species to species. If it's organized and firmly attached it's called a
,What is the structure of peptidoglycan? - Answer Peptidoglycan consists of two types of
monosaccharides (N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid) that alternate with each
other and are linked by beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages. In addition, one of the monosaccharides
has a chain of amino acids that allows side-by-side chains to peptide bond.
aerobic respiration - Answer Respiration that requires oxygen produces more energy than
anaerobic respiration
glucose + Oxygen ---> CO2 + H20
Final electron acceptor is Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration - Answer creates less energy than aerobic respiration, doesn't use
oxygen
inorganic compound as final electron acceptor
creates Lactic Acid which is toxic and must be broken down which is why we still breathe hard
AFTER exercise and also makes muscles sore
Common in microbes (can live without oxygen)
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain - Answer 3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis products - Answer 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Krebs cycle - Answer second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken
down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions, where 2 ATP are released
and NAD+ is reduced (e- released) => NADH, FAD+reduced (e- released) => FADH
substrate phospholation occurs in Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Answer series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-
energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions, results in 34 ATP, H+ released outside
membrane acted on by enzyme then pumped back into organelle by Chemiosis. Oxidation with
H+ produced H2O, O2 is the final accepter e-. 3ADP + 3 Phosphate Group => 3 ATP
Oxidative Phospholation occurs here.
Catabolic - Answer A process in which large molecules are broken down
Think "cut" abolic energy is released
, Metabolism - Answer the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism
builds up or breaks down materials
Gram + bacteria - Answer Several layers of peptidoglycan. Very thick and rigid. Contains
teichoic acid.
Stains Purple/Blue due to alcohol trapping in large crystal violet iodine as the alcohol shrinks the
cells so the dye can't escape
Gram - bacteria - Answer -envelope absorbs safranin and appears pink-red
-contain smaller amount of peptidoglycan (having think layer of it)
-contains lipopolysaccharides (triggers immune system response in humans)
peptidoglycan structure - Answer meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long
strands
hydrophilic, hydrophobic make it ideal for creating cell wall
bacterial cell wall - Answer composed of peptidoglycan
Bacterial Structure - Answer -most bacteria have a rigid layer outside their plasma
membrane called the *cell wall*
--mainly made of *peptidoglycan*
--comes in 2 forms: *gram-positive* (thick with many peptidoglycan layers) & *gram-negative*
(thin with small amount of peptidoglycan with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (LPS))
-other structures on outer surface of bacteria include
--*flagella*: for movement - bacteria don't have cilia, they are motile bc of flagella
--*fimbrae*: hairlike structures for attachment to surfaces
--*pilli/sex pilus*: for exchange of DNA
--*glycocalyx*: sugar-containing layer that protects the bacteria or attaches it to surfaces
Tortora, Funke and Case Test Bank
with Actual Detailed Solutions 2025-
2026 Updated.
Prokaryote - Answer A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles with singularly arranged chromosomes. Their DNA is not associated with histones
and generally lack organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan
Divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes - Answer Cells that contain nuclei
DNA is found in cll's nucleus, and DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins
called histones and with nonhistones.
They have mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and and sometimes
chloroplasts.
Their cell walls are chemically simple.
Cell division usually involves mitosits in which chromosomes replicate and and identialc set is
distrubited into each of two nuclei. Division of the cytoplasm and other organelles occur so that
the two cells produced are identical to each other.
Prokaryotic cell structure - Answer 3 basic shapes
Bacillus - Rod-shaped
Coccus - Spherical
Spirillum - Helical-shaped
Most bacteria range from .2t 2.0um in diameter and 2 to 8um in length.
monomophric : one shape all the time
pleomorphic : can have many shapes not jsut one.
Glycocalyx: bacteria secrete this on thier surface composed of polysaccaride, polypeptid, or
both. It varies widely from species to species. If it's organized and firmly attached it's called a
,What is the structure of peptidoglycan? - Answer Peptidoglycan consists of two types of
monosaccharides (N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid) that alternate with each
other and are linked by beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages. In addition, one of the monosaccharides
has a chain of amino acids that allows side-by-side chains to peptide bond.
aerobic respiration - Answer Respiration that requires oxygen produces more energy than
anaerobic respiration
glucose + Oxygen ---> CO2 + H20
Final electron acceptor is Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration - Answer creates less energy than aerobic respiration, doesn't use
oxygen
inorganic compound as final electron acceptor
creates Lactic Acid which is toxic and must be broken down which is why we still breathe hard
AFTER exercise and also makes muscles sore
Common in microbes (can live without oxygen)
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain - Answer 3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis products - Answer 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Krebs cycle - Answer second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken
down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions, where 2 ATP are released
and NAD+ is reduced (e- released) => NADH, FAD+reduced (e- released) => FADH
substrate phospholation occurs in Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Answer series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-
energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions, results in 34 ATP, H+ released outside
membrane acted on by enzyme then pumped back into organelle by Chemiosis. Oxidation with
H+ produced H2O, O2 is the final accepter e-. 3ADP + 3 Phosphate Group => 3 ATP
Oxidative Phospholation occurs here.
Catabolic - Answer A process in which large molecules are broken down
Think "cut" abolic energy is released
, Metabolism - Answer the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism
builds up or breaks down materials
Gram + bacteria - Answer Several layers of peptidoglycan. Very thick and rigid. Contains
teichoic acid.
Stains Purple/Blue due to alcohol trapping in large crystal violet iodine as the alcohol shrinks the
cells so the dye can't escape
Gram - bacteria - Answer -envelope absorbs safranin and appears pink-red
-contain smaller amount of peptidoglycan (having think layer of it)
-contains lipopolysaccharides (triggers immune system response in humans)
peptidoglycan structure - Answer meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long
strands
hydrophilic, hydrophobic make it ideal for creating cell wall
bacterial cell wall - Answer composed of peptidoglycan
Bacterial Structure - Answer -most bacteria have a rigid layer outside their plasma
membrane called the *cell wall*
--mainly made of *peptidoglycan*
--comes in 2 forms: *gram-positive* (thick with many peptidoglycan layers) & *gram-negative*
(thin with small amount of peptidoglycan with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (LPS))
-other structures on outer surface of bacteria include
--*flagella*: for movement - bacteria don't have cilia, they are motile bc of flagella
--*fimbrae*: hairlike structures for attachment to surfaces
--*pilli/sex pilus*: for exchange of DNA
--*glycocalyx*: sugar-containing layer that protects the bacteria or attaches it to surfaces
