2.1: Failure to achieve a Settlement (1646-1649) NEWCASTLE PROPOSITIONS (JULY 1646) INFLUENCE OF THE ARMY
What: A set of Parliamentary proposals in seeking a settlement – a more The Army Revolt (1647)
DIFFERENT FACTORS PREVENTING A SETTLEMENT moderate form of 19 Propositions. To maintain 1641 reforms, grant parl.
control over militia for 20 yrs, agree to the S.L.C./abolish bishops with Issued 'Humble Remonstrance': refused to disband + revolted
C Position: A prisoner with no authority, yet still King - had to consent to Parl. control over religion + punish 58 leading royalists, pardon rest. C against Parliament. Sought to be paid, guarantees of amnesties +
any agreement. Sought to 'win the peace' - refused to negotiate over the refused response – sought to delay to grant greater concessions. expressed dislike of Newcastle Propositions. June 1647: Captured C
Church, Militia + punishment of his supporters. Adopted strategy of Scottish sought a Presbyterian church settlement without Parl. control. + Cromwell joined cause
delay to achieve a better settlement - exploit + conquer.
C Reaction (Feb 1647) Decleration of Dislike (Denzil Holles): A response to the
Parliamentary Divisions: Parliamentary authority despite victory was Humble Remonstrance issued by the Army, stating that the
unstable - Political Presbyterians vs Independents. Prevented a unified C sought reduced militia control to 10 yrs, Presbyterian church NMA was a 'capital enemy of the state'.
deal being proposed. Disputes over politics, the NMA, covenanters + for 3 yrs, complete pardon of supports + maintain prerogative
popular unrest. over ministers/army generals A Representation of the Army (Cromwell + Ireton):
Outlined the Army's demands. Stated: Purging of corrupt
Presbyterians: Sought a quick deal with the King to return Parl. pushed for demobilisation of NMA as tensions reduced: MPs, Parl. dissolved, new parl. to sit for fixed lengths,
him to power. Sought a Presbyterian church settlement + believed high taxes = unrest = repression = dislike of Parl. church reformation + religious freedoms. Marked the NMA
enact the terms of the S.L.C. To remove/disband the NMA to as a powerful political force with political aims often in
lower taxes. Included: Denzil Holles, Earl of Evaluation/Judgement opposition to Parl.
Manchester/Essex
Moderate proposals but C adopted strategy of delay. Provoked tensions. C Negotiations with army (Aug. 1647)
Independents: Sought further restrictions on King's powers.
Believed in Liberty of Conscience/Religious freedom. Sought Heads of Proposals: more moderate Proposals by the Heads of the
high taxes to fund the NMA. Included: Sir Arthur Haselrig, SCOTTISH NEGOTIATIONS (JULY 1646) Army (Grandees). Proposed: Biennial, more representative Parls,
Henry Ireton, Oliver Cromwell + Lord Saye and Sele militia control for 10 yrs, bishops retained BUT liberty of conscience
What: Negotiated with Scottish WHILST considering Newcastle replaces coercive power. C delayed - proven track record of working +
The NMA: 'De-mobilisation' = problematic. Wanted certification of pay, Propositions. Scottish sought to implement S.L.C in return for support of sought to divide the grandees vs leveller army split
implementation of their own radical ideas + guaranteed not to be the Monarchy. C refused to negotiate. Scots sold C to Parl. for £400k.
prosecuted for acts deemed illegal during normal times. Evaluation/Judgement
Evaluation/Judgement
Scottish Covenanters: Powerful ally of Parl + wanted to 'export Divisions in the Army mirrored the divisions that faced Parliament.
Presbyterianism' to England. Increasingly concerned S.L.C would not be Undermined a settlement deal. Increased tensions. This undermined unified attempts to prevent a settlement deal to C,
implemented - excluded from settlement talks. who instead sought to delay to exploit divisions and gain concessions.
Unrest in Counties: High Taxes, Puritanical rules (i.e. banning Christs PUTNEY DEBATES (NOV. INFLUENCE OF THE LEVELLERS
mass), Disruption of the social order (lower ranks ran local affairs) + 1647)
Who: Puritan pamphleteers expressing opposition to the S.L.C - had support from the Rank-and-file in NMA
religious anarchy = increased dissatisfaction with Parl. rule. Diminished
Army meeting to decide + radical Londoners
Laudian Church = religious vacuum of radicalisation = various new
groups, inc. Ranters, Fifth Monarchists + Quakers aims for a settlement
Beliefs
Religious Groups that emerged: Exposed division
Religion: Belief in congregationalism - the freedom to worship without Presbyterian/Bishop
between Levellers (who
influence
Ranters: complained over Puritanical obsession with sin + sought a radical
called for a world free of sin. settlement) + the Popular Sovereignty: Govt. accountable to the people, not King/God - 'Bottom-Up' accountability
Grandees (seeking the
Fifth Monarchists: believed the new govt. represented a moderate Heads of Extended franchise: All men to vote in HoC elections, so more representative
biblical prophecy about the coming rule of a human despot. Proposals)
Legal Freedoms: sought a written constitution to protect personal freedoms (i.e. to
Quakers: argued individuals could have a direct relationship Evaluation/Judgement speak/worship)
with God, justifying non-attendance at congregations.
Highlighted deep ideological Remonstrance of Many Thousands (1646): Published by Walwyn + Overton calling for dissolved HoC,
Evaluation/Judgement divisions between the radical abolished HoL, religious toleration + equality before the law.
THE 2nd CIVIL WAR (DEC 1647 – DEC 1648) Levellers and theWINDSOR
conservativePRAYER MEETING (APR. 1648) TOPIC ANALYSIS
Factors ranked in importance:
Grandees of the New Model Army. Agreement of the People (Oct. 1647): Outlined Leveller beliefs, seeking abolition of HoL + popular
Why: 1)C escaped custody
Parliamentary + fled to the Isle of Wight. Scottish were dissatisfied These fundamental
Divisions 3 day disagreements
prayer meeting bysovereignty
leadership of NMA Key Question: Why was it so difficult to achieve a
with 2) The NMA attempts to secure Presbyterianism, deciding to ally with C prevented a unified political vision,
Parliamentary settlement?
instead.
3) Developing conservative reaction against Parliamentary rule
Charles’ position Agreed
ultimately contributing to the their duty A
failure
it was 'toCall
call to all soldiers
Charles Stuart,ofthat
theman
Army
of (Nov 1647): Response to new manifesto presented by Fairfax +
4) Unrest in the Counties to reach a lasting blood, to an account for Cromwell.
settlement. that blood Lead
he hadto shed.'
Corkbush Mutiny - some soldiersFactor
refused to sign manifesto/pledge loyalty
Explanation
The Engagement (Dec 1647)
5) Scottish Covenanters Charles Charles’ unwillingness to negotiate a
attitude / settlement or give up any of his
Negotiations + agreement between Scottish + C
What: A set of Parliamentary proposals in seeking a settlement – a more The Army Revolt (1647)
DIFFERENT FACTORS PREVENTING A SETTLEMENT moderate form of 19 Propositions. To maintain 1641 reforms, grant parl.
control over militia for 20 yrs, agree to the S.L.C./abolish bishops with Issued 'Humble Remonstrance': refused to disband + revolted
C Position: A prisoner with no authority, yet still King - had to consent to Parl. control over religion + punish 58 leading royalists, pardon rest. C against Parliament. Sought to be paid, guarantees of amnesties +
any agreement. Sought to 'win the peace' - refused to negotiate over the refused response – sought to delay to grant greater concessions. expressed dislike of Newcastle Propositions. June 1647: Captured C
Church, Militia + punishment of his supporters. Adopted strategy of Scottish sought a Presbyterian church settlement without Parl. control. + Cromwell joined cause
delay to achieve a better settlement - exploit + conquer.
C Reaction (Feb 1647) Decleration of Dislike (Denzil Holles): A response to the
Parliamentary Divisions: Parliamentary authority despite victory was Humble Remonstrance issued by the Army, stating that the
unstable - Political Presbyterians vs Independents. Prevented a unified C sought reduced militia control to 10 yrs, Presbyterian church NMA was a 'capital enemy of the state'.
deal being proposed. Disputes over politics, the NMA, covenanters + for 3 yrs, complete pardon of supports + maintain prerogative
popular unrest. over ministers/army generals A Representation of the Army (Cromwell + Ireton):
Outlined the Army's demands. Stated: Purging of corrupt
Presbyterians: Sought a quick deal with the King to return Parl. pushed for demobilisation of NMA as tensions reduced: MPs, Parl. dissolved, new parl. to sit for fixed lengths,
him to power. Sought a Presbyterian church settlement + believed high taxes = unrest = repression = dislike of Parl. church reformation + religious freedoms. Marked the NMA
enact the terms of the S.L.C. To remove/disband the NMA to as a powerful political force with political aims often in
lower taxes. Included: Denzil Holles, Earl of Evaluation/Judgement opposition to Parl.
Manchester/Essex
Moderate proposals but C adopted strategy of delay. Provoked tensions. C Negotiations with army (Aug. 1647)
Independents: Sought further restrictions on King's powers.
Believed in Liberty of Conscience/Religious freedom. Sought Heads of Proposals: more moderate Proposals by the Heads of the
high taxes to fund the NMA. Included: Sir Arthur Haselrig, SCOTTISH NEGOTIATIONS (JULY 1646) Army (Grandees). Proposed: Biennial, more representative Parls,
Henry Ireton, Oliver Cromwell + Lord Saye and Sele militia control for 10 yrs, bishops retained BUT liberty of conscience
What: Negotiated with Scottish WHILST considering Newcastle replaces coercive power. C delayed - proven track record of working +
The NMA: 'De-mobilisation' = problematic. Wanted certification of pay, Propositions. Scottish sought to implement S.L.C in return for support of sought to divide the grandees vs leveller army split
implementation of their own radical ideas + guaranteed not to be the Monarchy. C refused to negotiate. Scots sold C to Parl. for £400k.
prosecuted for acts deemed illegal during normal times. Evaluation/Judgement
Evaluation/Judgement
Scottish Covenanters: Powerful ally of Parl + wanted to 'export Divisions in the Army mirrored the divisions that faced Parliament.
Presbyterianism' to England. Increasingly concerned S.L.C would not be Undermined a settlement deal. Increased tensions. This undermined unified attempts to prevent a settlement deal to C,
implemented - excluded from settlement talks. who instead sought to delay to exploit divisions and gain concessions.
Unrest in Counties: High Taxes, Puritanical rules (i.e. banning Christs PUTNEY DEBATES (NOV. INFLUENCE OF THE LEVELLERS
mass), Disruption of the social order (lower ranks ran local affairs) + 1647)
Who: Puritan pamphleteers expressing opposition to the S.L.C - had support from the Rank-and-file in NMA
religious anarchy = increased dissatisfaction with Parl. rule. Diminished
Army meeting to decide + radical Londoners
Laudian Church = religious vacuum of radicalisation = various new
groups, inc. Ranters, Fifth Monarchists + Quakers aims for a settlement
Beliefs
Religious Groups that emerged: Exposed division
Religion: Belief in congregationalism - the freedom to worship without Presbyterian/Bishop
between Levellers (who
influence
Ranters: complained over Puritanical obsession with sin + sought a radical
called for a world free of sin. settlement) + the Popular Sovereignty: Govt. accountable to the people, not King/God - 'Bottom-Up' accountability
Grandees (seeking the
Fifth Monarchists: believed the new govt. represented a moderate Heads of Extended franchise: All men to vote in HoC elections, so more representative
biblical prophecy about the coming rule of a human despot. Proposals)
Legal Freedoms: sought a written constitution to protect personal freedoms (i.e. to
Quakers: argued individuals could have a direct relationship Evaluation/Judgement speak/worship)
with God, justifying non-attendance at congregations.
Highlighted deep ideological Remonstrance of Many Thousands (1646): Published by Walwyn + Overton calling for dissolved HoC,
Evaluation/Judgement divisions between the radical abolished HoL, religious toleration + equality before the law.
THE 2nd CIVIL WAR (DEC 1647 – DEC 1648) Levellers and theWINDSOR
conservativePRAYER MEETING (APR. 1648) TOPIC ANALYSIS
Factors ranked in importance:
Grandees of the New Model Army. Agreement of the People (Oct. 1647): Outlined Leveller beliefs, seeking abolition of HoL + popular
Why: 1)C escaped custody
Parliamentary + fled to the Isle of Wight. Scottish were dissatisfied These fundamental
Divisions 3 day disagreements
prayer meeting bysovereignty
leadership of NMA Key Question: Why was it so difficult to achieve a
with 2) The NMA attempts to secure Presbyterianism, deciding to ally with C prevented a unified political vision,
Parliamentary settlement?
instead.
3) Developing conservative reaction against Parliamentary rule
Charles’ position Agreed
ultimately contributing to the their duty A
failure
it was 'toCall
call to all soldiers
Charles Stuart,ofthat
theman
Army
of (Nov 1647): Response to new manifesto presented by Fairfax +
4) Unrest in the Counties to reach a lasting blood, to an account for Cromwell.
settlement. that blood Lead
he hadto shed.'
Corkbush Mutiny - some soldiersFactor
refused to sign manifesto/pledge loyalty
Explanation
The Engagement (Dec 1647)
5) Scottish Covenanters Charles Charles’ unwillingness to negotiate a
attitude / settlement or give up any of his
Negotiations + agreement between Scottish + C
