EDRD 390 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2yrs) - Answers thoughts are determined by sensory experiences as a
baby tastes, hears, sees, and feels
Pre-operational Stage (2-7yrs) - Answers child's language develops, and thinking is concrete
organization also begins
Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) - Answers child begins thought processes
abstract ideas
Formal Operational (11 yrs-adult) - Answers high level of thinking involves using language for
abstract thought
Reading Readiness - Answers Auditory discrimination
Visual discrimination
visual motor skills
Sound differntiation
Whole Language - Answers literacy learning is child-centered (more meaningful)
equal emphasis on reading, writing, listening, and oral language
Emergent Literacy - Answers child acquires some knowledge about language, reading, and
writing before they start school
accepts child at the level they are currently at
Explicit Phonics Instruction - Answers builds from part to whole
teaches blending and building
Balanced Comprehension Approach - Answers not random
teacher selects different strategies to provide balance (learning theories)
What are some types of authentic assessments? - Answers Audio Recordings, videos, teacher
made tests, running records, conferences, surveys and interviews
What is the purpose of in-depth measures of assessment? (running records, IRIs, portfolios) -
Answers Teachers are able to analyze the student's progress through out the entire year
Describe three types of errors/miscues that teachers look for as they analyze running records -
Answers 1. insertion of a word
, 2. omission of a word
3. appeal for help
English Immersion instruction - Answers learned through interaction with peers
English as a Second Language instruction - Answers children are taken out of the classroom,
and are taught english by a different teacher
Bilingual Education: Transtional Approach - Answers - subtractive bilingualism
english replaces the native language
Bilingual Education: Maintenance Approach - Answers additive bilingualism
Students learn english, while maintaining their 1st language
Two-way bilingual approach - Answers develop literacy in 1st language first, before shifting to
bilingual or english only
What are some strategies you can use to support reading and language instruction with ELLs? -
Answers Routines (make classroom predictable)
assign a classmate a buddy for the ELL student
Visual reference
Provide intense small group language and literacy instruction
Children who have learning disabilities are those who... - Answers preform below grade level,
some cannot process language properly, and have trouble reading/writing
Gifted children are identified as... - Answers IQ of 30 or more, often leaders are encouraged and
motivated as well
What are the best strategies for working with all children, including those "at risk"? - Answers
Balanced appraoch to literacy instruction with some xplicit phonics instruction that follows
systematic sequence of skill developments, allow time for problem solving, and provide real life
experiences
What has the biggest affect on "at risk" students' vocabulary and language development? -
Answers Limited literacy experiences traditionally valued at school
Who's theory of multiple intelligences says we all need different learning experiences, some that
foster our strengths and some that help is develop skills in other areas? - Answers Howard
Gardner's
Refers to programs that encourage literacy instruction that is developmentally appropriate, and
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2yrs) - Answers thoughts are determined by sensory experiences as a
baby tastes, hears, sees, and feels
Pre-operational Stage (2-7yrs) - Answers child's language develops, and thinking is concrete
organization also begins
Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) - Answers child begins thought processes
abstract ideas
Formal Operational (11 yrs-adult) - Answers high level of thinking involves using language for
abstract thought
Reading Readiness - Answers Auditory discrimination
Visual discrimination
visual motor skills
Sound differntiation
Whole Language - Answers literacy learning is child-centered (more meaningful)
equal emphasis on reading, writing, listening, and oral language
Emergent Literacy - Answers child acquires some knowledge about language, reading, and
writing before they start school
accepts child at the level they are currently at
Explicit Phonics Instruction - Answers builds from part to whole
teaches blending and building
Balanced Comprehension Approach - Answers not random
teacher selects different strategies to provide balance (learning theories)
What are some types of authentic assessments? - Answers Audio Recordings, videos, teacher
made tests, running records, conferences, surveys and interviews
What is the purpose of in-depth measures of assessment? (running records, IRIs, portfolios) -
Answers Teachers are able to analyze the student's progress through out the entire year
Describe three types of errors/miscues that teachers look for as they analyze running records -
Answers 1. insertion of a word
, 2. omission of a word
3. appeal for help
English Immersion instruction - Answers learned through interaction with peers
English as a Second Language instruction - Answers children are taken out of the classroom,
and are taught english by a different teacher
Bilingual Education: Transtional Approach - Answers - subtractive bilingualism
english replaces the native language
Bilingual Education: Maintenance Approach - Answers additive bilingualism
Students learn english, while maintaining their 1st language
Two-way bilingual approach - Answers develop literacy in 1st language first, before shifting to
bilingual or english only
What are some strategies you can use to support reading and language instruction with ELLs? -
Answers Routines (make classroom predictable)
assign a classmate a buddy for the ELL student
Visual reference
Provide intense small group language and literacy instruction
Children who have learning disabilities are those who... - Answers preform below grade level,
some cannot process language properly, and have trouble reading/writing
Gifted children are identified as... - Answers IQ of 30 or more, often leaders are encouraged and
motivated as well
What are the best strategies for working with all children, including those "at risk"? - Answers
Balanced appraoch to literacy instruction with some xplicit phonics instruction that follows
systematic sequence of skill developments, allow time for problem solving, and provide real life
experiences
What has the biggest affect on "at risk" students' vocabulary and language development? -
Answers Limited literacy experiences traditionally valued at school
Who's theory of multiple intelligences says we all need different learning experiences, some that
foster our strengths and some that help is develop skills in other areas? - Answers Howard
Gardner's
Refers to programs that encourage literacy instruction that is developmentally appropriate, and
