CIPT, IAPP- EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Access Control List - ANS A list of access control entries (ACE) that apply to an object. Each
ACE controls or monitors access to an object by a specified user. In a discretionary access
control list (DACL), the ACL controls access; in a system access control list (SACL) the ACL
monitors access in a security event log which can comprise part of an audit trail.
Accountability - ANS A fair information practices principle, it is the idea that when personal
information is to be transferred to another person or organization, the personal information
controller should obtain the consent of the individual or exercise due diligence and take
reasonable steps to ensure that the recipient person or organization will protect the information
consistently with other fair use principles.
Active Data Collection - ANS When an end user deliberately provides information, typically
through the use of web forms, text boxes, check boxes or radio buttons.
AdChoices - ANS A program run by the Digital Advertising Alliance to promote awareness and
choice in advertising for internet users. Websites with ads from participating DAA members will
have an AdChoices icon near advertisements or at the bottom of their pages. By clicking on the
Adchoices icon, users may set preferences for behavioral advertising on that website or with
DAA members generally across the web.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Adequate Level of Protection - ANS A label that the EU may apply to third-party countries
who have committed to protect data through domestic law making or international
commitments. Conferring of the label requires a proposal by the European Commission, an
Article 29 Working Group Opinion, an opinion of the article 31 Management Committee, a right
of scrutiny by the European Parliament and adoption by the European Commission.
Advanced Encryption Standard - ANS An encryption algorithm for security sensitive non-
classified material by the U.S. Government. This algorithm was selected in 2001 to replace the
previous algorithm, the Date Encryption Standard (DES), by the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST), a unit of the U.S. Commerce Department, through an open competition.
The winning algorithm (RijnDael, pronounced rain-dahl), was developed by two Belgian
cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen.
Adverse Action - ANS Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the term "adverse action" is
defined very broadly to include all business, credit and employment actions affecting consumers
that can be considered to have a negative impact, such as denying or canceling credit or
insurance, or denying employment or promotion. No adverse action occurs in a credit
transaction where the creditor makes a counteroffer that is accepted by the consumer. Such an
action requires that the decision maker furnish the recipient of the adverse action with a copy
of the credit report leading to the adverse action.
Agile Development Model - ANS A process of software system and product design that
incorporates new system requirements during the actual creation of the system, as opposed to
the Plan-Driven Development Model. Agile development takes a given project and focuses on
specific portions to develop one at a time. An example of Agile development is the Scrum
Model.
Anonymization - ANS The process in which individually identifiable data is altered in such a
way that it no longer can be related back to a given individual. Among many techniques, there
are three primary ways that data is anonymized. Suppression is the most basic version of
anonymization and it simply removes some identifying values from data to reduce its
identifiability. Generalization takes specific identifying values and makes them broader, such as
changing a specific age (18) to an age range (18-24). Noise addition takes identifying values from
a given data set and switches them with identifying values from another individual in that data
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,set. Note that all of these processes will not guarantee that data is no longer identifiable and
have to be performed in such a way that does not harm the usability of the data.
Anonymous Data - ANS Data sets that in no way indicate to whom the data belongs.
Replacing user names with unique ID numbers DOES NOT make the data set anonymous even if
identification seems impractical.
Antidiscrimination Laws - ANS Refers to the right of people to be treated equally.
Application-Layer Attacks - ANS Attacks that exploit flaws in the network applications
installed on network servers. Such weaknesses exist in web browsers, e-mail server software,
network routing software and other standard enterprise applications. Regularly applying
patches and updates to applications may help prevent such attacks.
Asymmetric Encryption - ANS A form of data encryption that uses two separate but related
keys to encrypt data. The system uses a public key, made available to other parties, and a
private key, which is kept by the first party. Decryption of data encrypted by the public key
requires the use of the private key; decryption of the data encrypted by the private key requires
the public key.
Attribute-Based Access Control - ANS An authorization model that provides dynamic access
control by assigning attributes to the users, the data, and the context in which the user requests
access (also referred to as environmental factors) and analyzes these attributes together to
determine access.
Audit Trail - ANS A chain of electronic activity or sequence of paperwork used to monitor,
track, record, or validate an activity. The term originates in accounting as a reference to the
chain of paperwork used to validate or invalidate accounting entries. It has since been adapted
for more general use in e-commerce, to track customer's activity, or cyber-security, to
investigate cybercrimes.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Authentication - ANS The process by which an entity (such as a person or computer system)
determines whether another entity is who it claims to be. Authentication identified as an
individual based on some credential; i.e. a password, biometrics, etc. Authentication is different
from authorization. Proper authentication ensures that a person is who he or she claims to be,
but it says nothing about the access rights of the individual.
Authorization - ANS In the context of information security, it is process of determining if the
end user is permitted to have access to the desired resource such as the information asset or
the information system containing the asset. Authorization criteria may be based upon a variety
of factors such as organizational role, level of security clearance, applicable law or a
combination of factors. When effective, authentication validates that the entity requesting
access is who or what it claims to be.
Basel III - ANS A comprehensive set of reform measures, developed by the Basel Committee
on Banking Supervision, to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the
banking sector.
Behavioral Advertising - ANS The act of tracking users' online activities and then delivering
ads or recommendations based upon the tracked activities. The most comprehensive form of
targeted advertising. By building a profile on a user through their browsing habits such as sites
they visit, articles read, searches made, ads previously clicked on, etc., advertising companies
place ads pertaining to the known information about the user across all websites visited.
Behavioral Advertising also uses data aggregation to place ads on websites that a user may not
have shown interest in, but similar individuals had shown interest in.
Big Data - ANS A term used to describe the large data sets which exponential growth in the
amount and availability of data have allowed organizations to collect. Big data has been
articulated as "the three V's: volume (the amount of data), velocity (the speed at which data
may now be collected and analyzed), and variety (the format, structured or unstructured, and
type of data, e.g. transactional or behavioral).
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Access Control List - ANS A list of access control entries (ACE) that apply to an object. Each
ACE controls or monitors access to an object by a specified user. In a discretionary access
control list (DACL), the ACL controls access; in a system access control list (SACL) the ACL
monitors access in a security event log which can comprise part of an audit trail.
Accountability - ANS A fair information practices principle, it is the idea that when personal
information is to be transferred to another person or organization, the personal information
controller should obtain the consent of the individual or exercise due diligence and take
reasonable steps to ensure that the recipient person or organization will protect the information
consistently with other fair use principles.
Active Data Collection - ANS When an end user deliberately provides information, typically
through the use of web forms, text boxes, check boxes or radio buttons.
AdChoices - ANS A program run by the Digital Advertising Alliance to promote awareness and
choice in advertising for internet users. Websites with ads from participating DAA members will
have an AdChoices icon near advertisements or at the bottom of their pages. By clicking on the
Adchoices icon, users may set preferences for behavioral advertising on that website or with
DAA members generally across the web.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Adequate Level of Protection - ANS A label that the EU may apply to third-party countries
who have committed to protect data through domestic law making or international
commitments. Conferring of the label requires a proposal by the European Commission, an
Article 29 Working Group Opinion, an opinion of the article 31 Management Committee, a right
of scrutiny by the European Parliament and adoption by the European Commission.
Advanced Encryption Standard - ANS An encryption algorithm for security sensitive non-
classified material by the U.S. Government. This algorithm was selected in 2001 to replace the
previous algorithm, the Date Encryption Standard (DES), by the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST), a unit of the U.S. Commerce Department, through an open competition.
The winning algorithm (RijnDael, pronounced rain-dahl), was developed by two Belgian
cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen.
Adverse Action - ANS Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the term "adverse action" is
defined very broadly to include all business, credit and employment actions affecting consumers
that can be considered to have a negative impact, such as denying or canceling credit or
insurance, or denying employment or promotion. No adverse action occurs in a credit
transaction where the creditor makes a counteroffer that is accepted by the consumer. Such an
action requires that the decision maker furnish the recipient of the adverse action with a copy
of the credit report leading to the adverse action.
Agile Development Model - ANS A process of software system and product design that
incorporates new system requirements during the actual creation of the system, as opposed to
the Plan-Driven Development Model. Agile development takes a given project and focuses on
specific portions to develop one at a time. An example of Agile development is the Scrum
Model.
Anonymization - ANS The process in which individually identifiable data is altered in such a
way that it no longer can be related back to a given individual. Among many techniques, there
are three primary ways that data is anonymized. Suppression is the most basic version of
anonymization and it simply removes some identifying values from data to reduce its
identifiability. Generalization takes specific identifying values and makes them broader, such as
changing a specific age (18) to an age range (18-24). Noise addition takes identifying values from
a given data set and switches them with identifying values from another individual in that data
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,set. Note that all of these processes will not guarantee that data is no longer identifiable and
have to be performed in such a way that does not harm the usability of the data.
Anonymous Data - ANS Data sets that in no way indicate to whom the data belongs.
Replacing user names with unique ID numbers DOES NOT make the data set anonymous even if
identification seems impractical.
Antidiscrimination Laws - ANS Refers to the right of people to be treated equally.
Application-Layer Attacks - ANS Attacks that exploit flaws in the network applications
installed on network servers. Such weaknesses exist in web browsers, e-mail server software,
network routing software and other standard enterprise applications. Regularly applying
patches and updates to applications may help prevent such attacks.
Asymmetric Encryption - ANS A form of data encryption that uses two separate but related
keys to encrypt data. The system uses a public key, made available to other parties, and a
private key, which is kept by the first party. Decryption of data encrypted by the public key
requires the use of the private key; decryption of the data encrypted by the private key requires
the public key.
Attribute-Based Access Control - ANS An authorization model that provides dynamic access
control by assigning attributes to the users, the data, and the context in which the user requests
access (also referred to as environmental factors) and analyzes these attributes together to
determine access.
Audit Trail - ANS A chain of electronic activity or sequence of paperwork used to monitor,
track, record, or validate an activity. The term originates in accounting as a reference to the
chain of paperwork used to validate or invalidate accounting entries. It has since been adapted
for more general use in e-commerce, to track customer's activity, or cyber-security, to
investigate cybercrimes.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Authentication - ANS The process by which an entity (such as a person or computer system)
determines whether another entity is who it claims to be. Authentication identified as an
individual based on some credential; i.e. a password, biometrics, etc. Authentication is different
from authorization. Proper authentication ensures that a person is who he or she claims to be,
but it says nothing about the access rights of the individual.
Authorization - ANS In the context of information security, it is process of determining if the
end user is permitted to have access to the desired resource such as the information asset or
the information system containing the asset. Authorization criteria may be based upon a variety
of factors such as organizational role, level of security clearance, applicable law or a
combination of factors. When effective, authentication validates that the entity requesting
access is who or what it claims to be.
Basel III - ANS A comprehensive set of reform measures, developed by the Basel Committee
on Banking Supervision, to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the
banking sector.
Behavioral Advertising - ANS The act of tracking users' online activities and then delivering
ads or recommendations based upon the tracked activities. The most comprehensive form of
targeted advertising. By building a profile on a user through their browsing habits such as sites
they visit, articles read, searches made, ads previously clicked on, etc., advertising companies
place ads pertaining to the known information about the user across all websites visited.
Behavioral Advertising also uses data aggregation to place ads on websites that a user may not
have shown interest in, but similar individuals had shown interest in.
Big Data - ANS A term used to describe the large data sets which exponential growth in the
amount and availability of data have allowed organizations to collect. Big data has been
articulated as "the three V's: volume (the amount of data), velocity (the speed at which data
may now be collected and analyzed), and variety (the format, structured or unstructured, and
type of data, e.g. transactional or behavioral).
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
