HSM 210 Final Exam || Final Exam Edition: Pass with
A+ Accuracy!!
Global Health correct answers Transnational health, health concerns that cross national
borders. The term global health is sometimes used interchangeably with international health,
but international health is now more often used to describe a focus on the health issues of
people who live in lower-income countries
What is Health correct answers The incorrect definition of health is the absence of disease.
WHO Definition - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
Medicine correct answers Medicine is concerned with the health of individuals. It is limited
to health because it is the result of other factors.
Public Health correct answers Public Health focuses on the health of populations, whether
small villages or entire world regions. Goals of this include preventing illnesses, injuries, and
deaths at the population level.
Observational study correct answers observes what people are doing or asks about what they
have done in the past. No intervention is assigned to participants. Just wanna learn about the
population.
Descriptive studies correct answers want to describe the members of a population, the risk
factors, rate of disease in that population. Often answer who, where, when?
Analytic Studies correct answers aim to understand the associations between risk factors and
disease within populations. Answer why?
Prevalence survey/Cross sectional survey correct answers can be used to get a snapshot of a
population's health status at one point in time. Get a sample of population, ask participants a
series of Q's and analyze the collected data. Questionnaire. Most common used in public
health research.
Two key causations about conducting and assessing cross-sectional surveys correct answers
1. These studies must recruit participants who are truly representative of the population the
researchers want to examine. For instance, study about health of women should not be limited
to only pregnant women.
2. No conclusions about causality can be made from cross-sectional data, because all the
questions about exposures and diseases are asked at the same time. For instance, a survey of
chewing tobacco uses and dental cavities among 1000 high school students might find a
higher prevalence among those who chew but that does not prove that chew causes cavities.
Case Series correct answers looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have same
disease. Case study = 1 patient while series = 2 or more
Case-control studies correct answers recruit people with a disease and people who do not
have disease so past exposures can be compared
, Odds ratio correct answers compares the odds of a case having history of a particular
exposure to the odds of a control having been exposed to the potential risk factor
~1 = no association between disease and exposure in study population
<1 = cases (people with disease) were less likely than controls (people without disease) to
have a history of the exposure
>1 = people with disease were more likely than people w/out disease to have history of
exposure
95% confidence interval correct answers based on the sample of people the researchers took
from the larger population, we can be 95% confident that the true odds ratio in the population
is close to that range
If entire confidence interval is >1 or <1 it is statistically significant. If it overlaps 1, it has no
statistically significant association.
Cohort correct answers group of similar people
Rate Ratio/Risk Ratio/Relative Risk (RR) correct answers = 1 means exposed and unexposed
participants are equally likely to develop disease
<1 means exposure was protective
>1 means exposure was associated with increased risk of disease
(pg 49)
Risk factor correct answers exposure or characteristic that increases likelihood of developing
disease
Unmodifiable risk factors correct answers age, ethnicity, and genetic markers
Behavioral/Modifiable risk factors correct answers such as tobacco smoking and exercise
habits
Etiology correct answers cause of a particular disease
Primary Prevention correct answers preventing disease from ever occurring (immunizations,
improved nutrition, sleep, health education)
for people without disease
Secondary Prevention correct answers diagnose disease at an early stage when it has not yet
caused significant damage to body (screening with mammography)
for people with early, non-symptomatic disease
Tertiary Prevention correct answers reduce complications in those with symptomatic disease
in order to prevent death or minimize disability (providing physical therapy to people injured
in car accident to prevent long-term disability)
for people with symptomatic disease
A+ Accuracy!!
Global Health correct answers Transnational health, health concerns that cross national
borders. The term global health is sometimes used interchangeably with international health,
but international health is now more often used to describe a focus on the health issues of
people who live in lower-income countries
What is Health correct answers The incorrect definition of health is the absence of disease.
WHO Definition - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
Medicine correct answers Medicine is concerned with the health of individuals. It is limited
to health because it is the result of other factors.
Public Health correct answers Public Health focuses on the health of populations, whether
small villages or entire world regions. Goals of this include preventing illnesses, injuries, and
deaths at the population level.
Observational study correct answers observes what people are doing or asks about what they
have done in the past. No intervention is assigned to participants. Just wanna learn about the
population.
Descriptive studies correct answers want to describe the members of a population, the risk
factors, rate of disease in that population. Often answer who, where, when?
Analytic Studies correct answers aim to understand the associations between risk factors and
disease within populations. Answer why?
Prevalence survey/Cross sectional survey correct answers can be used to get a snapshot of a
population's health status at one point in time. Get a sample of population, ask participants a
series of Q's and analyze the collected data. Questionnaire. Most common used in public
health research.
Two key causations about conducting and assessing cross-sectional surveys correct answers
1. These studies must recruit participants who are truly representative of the population the
researchers want to examine. For instance, study about health of women should not be limited
to only pregnant women.
2. No conclusions about causality can be made from cross-sectional data, because all the
questions about exposures and diseases are asked at the same time. For instance, a survey of
chewing tobacco uses and dental cavities among 1000 high school students might find a
higher prevalence among those who chew but that does not prove that chew causes cavities.
Case Series correct answers looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have same
disease. Case study = 1 patient while series = 2 or more
Case-control studies correct answers recruit people with a disease and people who do not
have disease so past exposures can be compared
, Odds ratio correct answers compares the odds of a case having history of a particular
exposure to the odds of a control having been exposed to the potential risk factor
~1 = no association between disease and exposure in study population
<1 = cases (people with disease) were less likely than controls (people without disease) to
have a history of the exposure
>1 = people with disease were more likely than people w/out disease to have history of
exposure
95% confidence interval correct answers based on the sample of people the researchers took
from the larger population, we can be 95% confident that the true odds ratio in the population
is close to that range
If entire confidence interval is >1 or <1 it is statistically significant. If it overlaps 1, it has no
statistically significant association.
Cohort correct answers group of similar people
Rate Ratio/Risk Ratio/Relative Risk (RR) correct answers = 1 means exposed and unexposed
participants are equally likely to develop disease
<1 means exposure was protective
>1 means exposure was associated with increased risk of disease
(pg 49)
Risk factor correct answers exposure or characteristic that increases likelihood of developing
disease
Unmodifiable risk factors correct answers age, ethnicity, and genetic markers
Behavioral/Modifiable risk factors correct answers such as tobacco smoking and exercise
habits
Etiology correct answers cause of a particular disease
Primary Prevention correct answers preventing disease from ever occurring (immunizations,
improved nutrition, sleep, health education)
for people without disease
Secondary Prevention correct answers diagnose disease at an early stage when it has not yet
caused significant damage to body (screening with mammography)
for people with early, non-symptomatic disease
Tertiary Prevention correct answers reduce complications in those with symptomatic disease
in order to prevent death or minimize disability (providing physical therapy to people injured
in car accident to prevent long-term disability)
for people with symptomatic disease
