NURS 308 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers Graded A+
innate immunity - Correct answer-defenses against any pathogen, nonspecific
mechanism that starts immediately;
natural barriers like skin, blood, and immune system that attack foreign cells
adaptive immunity - Correct answer-active or acquired through pathogens or
vaccinations
Examples of innate immunity - Correct answer--skin
-stomach pH
-epithelial barriers
-phagocytes
-NK cells
Signs of inflammation - Correct answer-5 cardinal sings: redness, heat, swelling,
pain, loss of function
Goal of inflammation - Correct answer--limit and control inflammatory response
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,-prevent and limit infection and further damage
-initiate adaptive immune response
-initiated healing
Degranulation - Correct answer-Release of chemical mediators in the form of
extracellular granules.
Early Phagocytosis inflammation - Correct answer-4 steps:
1. recognition and adherence
2. engulfment
3. fusion of the phagosome
4. destruction of target
Leukotrienes - Correct answer-inflammatory chemicals released from damaged
cells that increase vascular permeability, usually released when triggered by an
allergen or gallery trigger
histmine - Correct answer-a chemical that initiates symptoms such as sneezing,
congestion, itchy skin and red skin blotches
Prostaglandins - Correct answer-A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals
derived from fatty acids that have a wide variety of biological effects including
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, roles in inflammation, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and
constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more.
clotting cascade - Correct answer-is a series of reactions that culminates with
fibrinogen being converted to fibrin and forming the mesh network that blood cells
get trapped on.
fibrin - Correct answer-protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
what does endothelium release - Correct answer-it releases nitric oxide
Role of collagen - Correct answer-most abundant protein in the body, contains
amino acids; form collagen fibrils that later turn into collagen fibers
MHC I - Correct answer-Major histocompatibility complex
-molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to
destroy
MHC II - Correct answer-expressed on the surface of APCs (macrophages,
dendritic cells, B cells) and functions by presenting antigen that is foreign in the
body. Antigen is taken into the body by phagocytosis or endocytosis and is loadd
onto MHC II within acidified endosomes, and then expressed on the surface.
Failure to acidify lysosomes would lead to deficient expresson of of MHC class II
bound to foreign antigen.
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Answers Graded A+
innate immunity - Correct answer-defenses against any pathogen, nonspecific
mechanism that starts immediately;
natural barriers like skin, blood, and immune system that attack foreign cells
adaptive immunity - Correct answer-active or acquired through pathogens or
vaccinations
Examples of innate immunity - Correct answer--skin
-stomach pH
-epithelial barriers
-phagocytes
-NK cells
Signs of inflammation - Correct answer-5 cardinal sings: redness, heat, swelling,
pain, loss of function
Goal of inflammation - Correct answer--limit and control inflammatory response
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,-prevent and limit infection and further damage
-initiate adaptive immune response
-initiated healing
Degranulation - Correct answer-Release of chemical mediators in the form of
extracellular granules.
Early Phagocytosis inflammation - Correct answer-4 steps:
1. recognition and adherence
2. engulfment
3. fusion of the phagosome
4. destruction of target
Leukotrienes - Correct answer-inflammatory chemicals released from damaged
cells that increase vascular permeability, usually released when triggered by an
allergen or gallery trigger
histmine - Correct answer-a chemical that initiates symptoms such as sneezing,
congestion, itchy skin and red skin blotches
Prostaglandins - Correct answer-A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals
derived from fatty acids that have a wide variety of biological effects including
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, roles in inflammation, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and
constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more.
clotting cascade - Correct answer-is a series of reactions that culminates with
fibrinogen being converted to fibrin and forming the mesh network that blood cells
get trapped on.
fibrin - Correct answer-protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
what does endothelium release - Correct answer-it releases nitric oxide
Role of collagen - Correct answer-most abundant protein in the body, contains
amino acids; form collagen fibrils that later turn into collagen fibers
MHC I - Correct answer-Major histocompatibility complex
-molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to
destroy
MHC II - Correct answer-expressed on the surface of APCs (macrophages,
dendritic cells, B cells) and functions by presenting antigen that is foreign in the
body. Antigen is taken into the body by phagocytosis or endocytosis and is loadd
onto MHC II within acidified endosomes, and then expressed on the surface.
Failure to acidify lysosomes would lead to deficient expresson of of MHC class II
bound to foreign antigen.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
