Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology
Topics
Locating Body Organs and Structures
Body Systems
Locating Body Organs and Structures
Visualizing
Topography
Body Systems
Musculoskeletal System
Three main functions:
● Gives the body shape
● Protects vital internal organs
● Provides for body movement
Skeleton: Consists of skull and spine, ribs and sternum, shoulders and upper extremities, and
pelvis and lower extremities.
Skull-Bony structure of the head, function to enclose; protect brain
Cranium-Top, back, and sides
Face-Front of the skull
Cranium connects to facial bones: Mandible, maxillae, nasal bones, orbits, zygomatic arches
Spinal Column:
33 vertebrae that encase the spinal cord
Spinal cord is essential for movement, sensation, and vital functions
Thorax:
12 ribs and sternum
Protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
Pelvis: Illium, ischium, pubis, hip joint, acetabulum, ball at proximal end of femur
Lower extremities: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, ankle, lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, tarsals
Foot: Metatarsals, calcaneus, heel, phalangues, toe bones
Upper extremities: Clavicle, scapula, acromion process, acromioclavicular joint, humerus,
radius, ulna
Wrist: Carpals, hand, metacarpals, phalanges are finger bones
Joints:
● Formed when bones connect to other bones
● Two types of joints
○ Ball-and-socket
○ Hinge
Muscles:
● Voluntary (skeletal)
● Involuntary (smooth)
● Cardiac
● Automaticity
● Heart has ability to generate and conduct own electrical impulses
, Respiratory System
Brings in oxygen via inhalation
Excretes carbon dioxide via exhalation
Respiratory Anatomy
Air enters body through the mouth and nose.
It moves through the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.
The pharynx includes both areas.
Epiglotis- Closes over glottis
Larynx- Voice box containing vocal cords. Cricoid cartilage forms lower portion
Trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm
Respiratory Physiology
Inhalation (active process):
● Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; diaphragm moves downward and ribs
move upward and outward.
● Negative pressure pulls air into lungs.
Exhalation (passive process):
● Diaphragm and inercostal muscles relax.
● Positive pressure pushes air out of lungs.
Ventilation- Movement of gases to and from alveoli
Respiration- Exchange of gases between cells and bloodstream
Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to hear, then is pumped to rest of body.
At the cellular level, oxygen (O2) is exchanged with cells for waste carbon dioxide (CO2).
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart, then to lungs to exchange waste CO2 for O2.
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels
Anatomy of the Heart
Four chambers:
● Two atria (upper areas)
● Two ventricles (lower areas)
Pathway of blood through heart: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Circulation of the Blood
Important arteries to know:
● Coronary arteries
● Aorta
● Pulmonary artery
● Carotid artery
● Femoral artery
Topics
Locating Body Organs and Structures
Body Systems
Locating Body Organs and Structures
Visualizing
Topography
Body Systems
Musculoskeletal System
Three main functions:
● Gives the body shape
● Protects vital internal organs
● Provides for body movement
Skeleton: Consists of skull and spine, ribs and sternum, shoulders and upper extremities, and
pelvis and lower extremities.
Skull-Bony structure of the head, function to enclose; protect brain
Cranium-Top, back, and sides
Face-Front of the skull
Cranium connects to facial bones: Mandible, maxillae, nasal bones, orbits, zygomatic arches
Spinal Column:
33 vertebrae that encase the spinal cord
Spinal cord is essential for movement, sensation, and vital functions
Thorax:
12 ribs and sternum
Protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
Pelvis: Illium, ischium, pubis, hip joint, acetabulum, ball at proximal end of femur
Lower extremities: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, ankle, lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, tarsals
Foot: Metatarsals, calcaneus, heel, phalangues, toe bones
Upper extremities: Clavicle, scapula, acromion process, acromioclavicular joint, humerus,
radius, ulna
Wrist: Carpals, hand, metacarpals, phalanges are finger bones
Joints:
● Formed when bones connect to other bones
● Two types of joints
○ Ball-and-socket
○ Hinge
Muscles:
● Voluntary (skeletal)
● Involuntary (smooth)
● Cardiac
● Automaticity
● Heart has ability to generate and conduct own electrical impulses
, Respiratory System
Brings in oxygen via inhalation
Excretes carbon dioxide via exhalation
Respiratory Anatomy
Air enters body through the mouth and nose.
It moves through the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.
The pharynx includes both areas.
Epiglotis- Closes over glottis
Larynx- Voice box containing vocal cords. Cricoid cartilage forms lower portion
Trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm
Respiratory Physiology
Inhalation (active process):
● Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; diaphragm moves downward and ribs
move upward and outward.
● Negative pressure pulls air into lungs.
Exhalation (passive process):
● Diaphragm and inercostal muscles relax.
● Positive pressure pushes air out of lungs.
Ventilation- Movement of gases to and from alveoli
Respiration- Exchange of gases between cells and bloodstream
Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to hear, then is pumped to rest of body.
At the cellular level, oxygen (O2) is exchanged with cells for waste carbon dioxide (CO2).
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart, then to lungs to exchange waste CO2 for O2.
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels
Anatomy of the Heart
Four chambers:
● Two atria (upper areas)
● Two ventricles (lower areas)
Pathway of blood through heart: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Circulation of the Blood
Important arteries to know:
● Coronary arteries
● Aorta
● Pulmonary artery
● Carotid artery
● Femoral artery
