Kaplan and Sadock Chapter 5 examination and lab
testing in psychiatry-QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Drugs that increase Mg
antacids, lithium, salicylates and laxatives that contain Mg
Drugs that decrease Mg
thiazide diuretics (zaroxlyn, diural)
calcium gluconate, insulin, amphotericin B, neomycin, aldosterone, ethanol
systemic effects of hypomagnesemia (Mg less than 1.5mEq
depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia, nystagmus,
tetany, seizures
systemic effects of hypermagnesemia (Mg greater than 2.5)
N&V, muscle weakness, hypotension bradycardia, resp. depression, depressed skeletal muscle
contraction and nerve function.
normal chloride levels
95-105 mEq/L
function of chloride
-major anion in he extracellular fluid
-provides electroneutrality in relation to Na.
transport of Cl is passive, follows the active transport of Na. Change in Cl levels are proportional
to changes in Na.
increased chloride levels may be due to
, acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, dehydration, renal failure, Cushing's disease,
hyperventilation, anemia
decreased chloride levels may be due to
alkalosis, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, GI loss (N&V, diarrhea nasogastric suctioning, fistula,
diuresis, overhydration, Addison's disease, burns
interfering factors with chloride
-high serum triglyceride levels and myeloma proteins may show falsely decreased levels
medication that increase chloride levels
potassium chloride, acetazolamide, methyldopa, diazoxide, guanethidine
medication that can decrease chloride levels
ethacrynic acid, furosemide, thiazide diuretics, bicarbonate
normal potassium levels
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
function of potassium
-major intracellular ion regulates intracellular fluid osmolality and provides balance for
intracellular electric neutrality
-required for glycogen deposits in liver and skeletal muscles cells
-maintains resting potential and transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
-maintains normal cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
potassium is regulated by
The kidneys; Aldosterone increases Potassium excretion, insulin and changes in pH
Increased K+ levels may be due to
acidosis, insulin deficiency, Addison's disease, acute renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, infection
dehydration
Decreased K+ levels may be due to
alkalosis, excessive insulin, GI loss, laxative abuse, burns, trauma, surgery, Cushing's disease,
hyperaldosteronism, thyrotoxicosis, anorexia nervosa, a diet deficient in meat and vegetables
drugs that increase K+ levels
testing in psychiatry-QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Drugs that increase Mg
antacids, lithium, salicylates and laxatives that contain Mg
Drugs that decrease Mg
thiazide diuretics (zaroxlyn, diural)
calcium gluconate, insulin, amphotericin B, neomycin, aldosterone, ethanol
systemic effects of hypomagnesemia (Mg less than 1.5mEq
depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle weakness, ataxia, nystagmus,
tetany, seizures
systemic effects of hypermagnesemia (Mg greater than 2.5)
N&V, muscle weakness, hypotension bradycardia, resp. depression, depressed skeletal muscle
contraction and nerve function.
normal chloride levels
95-105 mEq/L
function of chloride
-major anion in he extracellular fluid
-provides electroneutrality in relation to Na.
transport of Cl is passive, follows the active transport of Na. Change in Cl levels are proportional
to changes in Na.
increased chloride levels may be due to
, acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, dehydration, renal failure, Cushing's disease,
hyperventilation, anemia
decreased chloride levels may be due to
alkalosis, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, GI loss (N&V, diarrhea nasogastric suctioning, fistula,
diuresis, overhydration, Addison's disease, burns
interfering factors with chloride
-high serum triglyceride levels and myeloma proteins may show falsely decreased levels
medication that increase chloride levels
potassium chloride, acetazolamide, methyldopa, diazoxide, guanethidine
medication that can decrease chloride levels
ethacrynic acid, furosemide, thiazide diuretics, bicarbonate
normal potassium levels
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
function of potassium
-major intracellular ion regulates intracellular fluid osmolality and provides balance for
intracellular electric neutrality
-required for glycogen deposits in liver and skeletal muscles cells
-maintains resting potential and transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
-maintains normal cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
potassium is regulated by
The kidneys; Aldosterone increases Potassium excretion, insulin and changes in pH
Increased K+ levels may be due to
acidosis, insulin deficiency, Addison's disease, acute renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, infection
dehydration
Decreased K+ levels may be due to
alkalosis, excessive insulin, GI loss, laxative abuse, burns, trauma, surgery, Cushing's disease,
hyperaldosteronism, thyrotoxicosis, anorexia nervosa, a diet deficient in meat and vegetables
drugs that increase K+ levels
