Corrections (Justice Series) – 3rd Edition
UV
INSTRUCTOR’S
IA
MANUAL & TEST
_A
BANK
PP
RO
Leanne Alarid
VE
Comprehensive Manual and Test Bank for
D?
Instructors and Students
??
© Leanne Alarid
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-13-454902-3
Table of Contents
UV
To the Instructor.............................................................................................................................................v
Sample Syllabus: 16-Week Course...............................................................................................................vi
Sample Syllabus: 10-week Course.................................................................................................................x
Chapter 1: An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections.............................................................................1
Chapter 2: Why Do We Punish?....................................................................................................................6
IA
Chapter 3: Correctional Practices from Ancient to Contemporary Times...................................................11
Chapter 4: Sentencing..................................................................................................................................18
_A
Chapter 5: Probation and Community Supervision.....................................................................................24
Chapter 6: Jails and Pretrial Release............................................................................................................29
Chapter 7: Managing Prisons and Prisoners................................................................................................34
Chapter 8: Prison Life..................................................................................................................................40
PP
Chapter 9: Special Correctional Populations...............................................................................................46
Chapter 10: Reentry Programs and Parole...................................................................................................50
Chapter 11: Legal Issues in Corrections......................................................................................................54
RO
Chapter 12: Capital Punishment..................................................................................................................61
Chapter 13: Juvenile Corrections.................................................................................................................66
Chapter 14: Revisiting Evidence-Based Practices and What Works...........................................................73
Test Bank
VE
D?
??
??
iii
, Chapter 1: An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The primary goal of this chapter is to introduce the evidence-based approach as a key concept in
this book’s content and organization. This is done by first setting the corrections system in the
context of the broader criminal justice system. As the focus turns to corrections specifically, a
distinction is made between community-based corrections and institutional-based corrections.
Because they will receive more complete coverage in later chapters, only brief comment is made
IA
about the U.S. incarceration rate and media’s influence on public opinion and correctional
policy. The chapter concludes with an explanation of evidence-based practices and a description
of criteria used to determine “what works.”
_A
CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on
decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts.
2. Compare and contrast both institutional and community-based corrections.
3. Explain the effect that rising incarceration rates between 1970 and 2010 had on racial and
PP
economic disparity.
4. Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of
correctional policy.
5. Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the
correctional system.
RO
LECTURE OUTLINE
CORRECTIONS: AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Figure 1-1 shows the criminal justice system in a flow chart with the corrections system
identified as the final part of the system.
VE
Police
o The criminal justice process begins with the report to the police of a crime by a victim
or witness or, with the observation of a crime by the police.
o After investigation, and depending on the seriousness of the offenses, the police may
D?
issue a warning or a citation, or make an arrest.
o Following an arrest or citation, the case moves to the courts.
Pretrial/Courts
o Prosecutors examine quality of evidence and determine whether to charge the suspect
??
with a crime or to dismiss the case.
o When the decision is to charge the suspect, the person will enter a plea of guilty or
not guilty and go before a judge to be sentenced (when the plea is guilty) or to have a
trial date set (when the plea is not guilty).
o Prosecutors may make plea offers to defendants that could encourage a guilty plea or
??
that can result in a sentence recommendation that prosecution and defense feel is
most appropriate given the facts of the case.
1
, Preadjudication Diversion
o Early in the court process, the judge may offer diversion or deferred adjudication to
misdemeanor or first-time felony defendants.
o Diversion (e.g., deferred probation supervision) allows defendants to be supervised in
UV
the community before pleading guilty. With successful completion of diversion,
charges are dropped and there is no formal record of conviction.
o Defendants not qualifying for diversion may be offered a plea agreement wherein the
defendant pleads guilty in return for a favorable sentence.
IA
CORRECTIONS AS COMMUNITY-BASED OR INSTITUTIONAL
Final case disposition lies with the judge who has available a continuum of sanctions
from which to select the sentence.
Figure 1-3 shows the continuum of sanctions as falling into either community-based or
_A
institutional.
Community Corrections
o Sanctions that rely on resources available in the community are referred to as
community corrections.
PP
o Examples include probation and residential community corrections facilities.
Institutional Corrections
o Sanctions that require the offender to live in an institutional environment apart from
their friends and family are referred to as institutional corrections.
RO
o Examples include jail and prison.
INCARCERATION RATES
The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world.
The war on drugs greatly increased the number of prisoners in the federal system.
VE
Latinos and African-Americans are incarcerated disproportionately and this may be the
result of police targeting minorities for closer attention or possibly that minorities are
more likely to engage in behavior for which incarceration is the appropriate sanction.
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC OPINION AND CORRECTIONAL POLICY
D?
Much of the public’s view about the criminal justice system is determined by the mass
media.
With their focus on maximum and supermaximum units, the media present a one-
dimensional and incomplete picture of prison life.
??
Crime Control Policy
o Affected by media influences and public opinion.
o Fear of crime, whether based in fact or on selected media reports, may result in more
punitive crime policies that lead to more reliance on imprisonment.
??
2
UV
INSTRUCTOR’S
IA
MANUAL & TEST
_A
BANK
PP
RO
Leanne Alarid
VE
Comprehensive Manual and Test Bank for
D?
Instructors and Students
??
© Leanne Alarid
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-13-454902-3
Table of Contents
UV
To the Instructor.............................................................................................................................................v
Sample Syllabus: 16-Week Course...............................................................................................................vi
Sample Syllabus: 10-week Course.................................................................................................................x
Chapter 1: An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections.............................................................................1
Chapter 2: Why Do We Punish?....................................................................................................................6
IA
Chapter 3: Correctional Practices from Ancient to Contemporary Times...................................................11
Chapter 4: Sentencing..................................................................................................................................18
_A
Chapter 5: Probation and Community Supervision.....................................................................................24
Chapter 6: Jails and Pretrial Release............................................................................................................29
Chapter 7: Managing Prisons and Prisoners................................................................................................34
Chapter 8: Prison Life..................................................................................................................................40
PP
Chapter 9: Special Correctional Populations...............................................................................................46
Chapter 10: Reentry Programs and Parole...................................................................................................50
Chapter 11: Legal Issues in Corrections......................................................................................................54
RO
Chapter 12: Capital Punishment..................................................................................................................61
Chapter 13: Juvenile Corrections.................................................................................................................66
Chapter 14: Revisiting Evidence-Based Practices and What Works...........................................................73
Test Bank
VE
D?
??
??
iii
, Chapter 1: An Evidence-Based Approach to Corrections
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The primary goal of this chapter is to introduce the evidence-based approach as a key concept in
this book’s content and organization. This is done by first setting the corrections system in the
context of the broader criminal justice system. As the focus turns to corrections specifically, a
distinction is made between community-based corrections and institutional-based corrections.
Because they will receive more complete coverage in later chapters, only brief comment is made
IA
about the U.S. incarceration rate and media’s influence on public opinion and correctional
policy. The chapter concludes with an explanation of evidence-based practices and a description
of criteria used to determine “what works.”
_A
CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe how corrections is part of the criminal justice system that is dependent on
decisions made earlier in the process by the police and the courts.
2. Compare and contrast both institutional and community-based corrections.
3. Explain the effect that rising incarceration rates between 1970 and 2010 had on racial and
PP
economic disparity.
4. Analyze the relationships among mass media, public opinion, and the making of
correctional policy.
5. Characterize the meaning of evidence-based practice and explain how it can improve the
correctional system.
RO
LECTURE OUTLINE
CORRECTIONS: AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Figure 1-1 shows the criminal justice system in a flow chart with the corrections system
identified as the final part of the system.
VE
Police
o The criminal justice process begins with the report to the police of a crime by a victim
or witness or, with the observation of a crime by the police.
o After investigation, and depending on the seriousness of the offenses, the police may
D?
issue a warning or a citation, or make an arrest.
o Following an arrest or citation, the case moves to the courts.
Pretrial/Courts
o Prosecutors examine quality of evidence and determine whether to charge the suspect
??
with a crime or to dismiss the case.
o When the decision is to charge the suspect, the person will enter a plea of guilty or
not guilty and go before a judge to be sentenced (when the plea is guilty) or to have a
trial date set (when the plea is not guilty).
o Prosecutors may make plea offers to defendants that could encourage a guilty plea or
??
that can result in a sentence recommendation that prosecution and defense feel is
most appropriate given the facts of the case.
1
, Preadjudication Diversion
o Early in the court process, the judge may offer diversion or deferred adjudication to
misdemeanor or first-time felony defendants.
o Diversion (e.g., deferred probation supervision) allows defendants to be supervised in
UV
the community before pleading guilty. With successful completion of diversion,
charges are dropped and there is no formal record of conviction.
o Defendants not qualifying for diversion may be offered a plea agreement wherein the
defendant pleads guilty in return for a favorable sentence.
IA
CORRECTIONS AS COMMUNITY-BASED OR INSTITUTIONAL
Final case disposition lies with the judge who has available a continuum of sanctions
from which to select the sentence.
Figure 1-3 shows the continuum of sanctions as falling into either community-based or
_A
institutional.
Community Corrections
o Sanctions that rely on resources available in the community are referred to as
community corrections.
PP
o Examples include probation and residential community corrections facilities.
Institutional Corrections
o Sanctions that require the offender to live in an institutional environment apart from
their friends and family are referred to as institutional corrections.
RO
o Examples include jail and prison.
INCARCERATION RATES
The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world.
The war on drugs greatly increased the number of prisoners in the federal system.
VE
Latinos and African-Americans are incarcerated disproportionately and this may be the
result of police targeting minorities for closer attention or possibly that minorities are
more likely to engage in behavior for which incarceration is the appropriate sanction.
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC OPINION AND CORRECTIONAL POLICY
D?
Much of the public’s view about the criminal justice system is determined by the mass
media.
With their focus on maximum and supermaximum units, the media present a one-
dimensional and incomplete picture of prison life.
??
Crime Control Policy
o Affected by media influences and public opinion.
o Fear of crime, whether based in fact or on selected media reports, may result in more
punitive crime policies that lead to more reliance on imprisonment.
??
2
