ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Stem: A postoperative patient develops impaired tissue
oxygenation after significant blood loss. Which explanation best
links the cellular-level consequence to organ-level dysfunction?
Options:
A. Reduced ATP production in cells impairs myocardial
contractility, lowering cardiac output.
B. Increased extracellular fluid volume causes cellular
dehydration and organ failure.
C. Excessive protein synthesis at the cellular level increases
vascular resistance in organs.
D. Increased mitosis of epithelial cells immediately restores
organ function after hypoxia.
,Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Reduced oxygen limits aerobic metabolism
and ATP generation in cardiomyocytes, impairing
contractile force and reducing cardiac output, a clear
pathway from cellular energy failure to organ dysfunction.
• Incorrect (B): Increased extracellular volume typically
causes cellular swelling, not dehydration; it does not
explain impaired oxygen-driven ATP production.
• Incorrect (C): Excessive protein synthesis is not the
immediate cellular response to hypoxia and would not
acutely increase vascular resistance.
• Incorrect (D): Mitosis is a slower repair process and cannot
immediately restore organ function after acute hypoxic
injury.
Teaching Point: Cellular ATP deficit from hypoxia can
directly reduce organ function (e.g., heart contractility).
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2.
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A nurse notes a client’s core temperature rises during a
sustained high fever. Which homeostatic mechanism primarily
explains increased metabolic heat production?
,Options:
A. Activation of skeletal muscle shivering increases heat via ATP
hydrolysis.
B. Vasodilation in the skin reduces heat loss, directly producing
heat.
C. Insensible water loss increases, which raises basal metabolic
rate.
D. Glycogen synthesis reduces heat production, causing fever.
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Shivering engages skeletal muscle contractions
that increase ATP breakdown and metabolic heat
production, a negative-feedback response to raise core
temperature.
• Incorrect (B): Vasodilation increases heat loss rather than
producing heat; it helps lower temperature, not raise it.
• Incorrect (C): Insensible water loss does not significantly
raise metabolic rate; it relates to fluid balance, not heat
generation.
• Incorrect (D): Glycogen synthesis is anabolic and consumes
energy, so it would not explain increased heat production
during fever.
Teaching Point: Shivering increases ATP hydrolysis, raising
metabolic heat to restore body temperature.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3.
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
Stem: A wound is described as being on the left hypochondriac
region. For surgical planning, which adjacent region should the
nurse expect to be directly medial to the wound?
Options:
A. Epigastric region
B. Left lumbar region
C. Umbilical region
D. Right hypochondriac region
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): The epigastric region lies medial to the left
hypochondriac region on the standard nine-region
abdominal map.
• Incorrect (B): The left lumbar region lies inferior to the left
hypochondriac region, not medial.
• Incorrect (C): The umbilical region is central and inferior to
the epigastric region, not directly medial to left
hypochondriac.
• Incorrect (D): The right hypochondriac region is
contralateral, not medial.
Teaching Point: Left hypochondriac region is lateral to the
epigastric region on the abdominal nine-region grid.
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Stem: A postoperative patient develops impaired tissue
oxygenation after significant blood loss. Which explanation best
links the cellular-level consequence to organ-level dysfunction?
Options:
A. Reduced ATP production in cells impairs myocardial
contractility, lowering cardiac output.
B. Increased extracellular fluid volume causes cellular
dehydration and organ failure.
C. Excessive protein synthesis at the cellular level increases
vascular resistance in organs.
D. Increased mitosis of epithelial cells immediately restores
organ function after hypoxia.
,Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Reduced oxygen limits aerobic metabolism
and ATP generation in cardiomyocytes, impairing
contractile force and reducing cardiac output, a clear
pathway from cellular energy failure to organ dysfunction.
• Incorrect (B): Increased extracellular volume typically
causes cellular swelling, not dehydration; it does not
explain impaired oxygen-driven ATP production.
• Incorrect (C): Excessive protein synthesis is not the
immediate cellular response to hypoxia and would not
acutely increase vascular resistance.
• Incorrect (D): Mitosis is a slower repair process and cannot
immediately restore organ function after acute hypoxic
injury.
Teaching Point: Cellular ATP deficit from hypoxia can
directly reduce organ function (e.g., heart contractility).
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2.
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A nurse notes a client’s core temperature rises during a
sustained high fever. Which homeostatic mechanism primarily
explains increased metabolic heat production?
,Options:
A. Activation of skeletal muscle shivering increases heat via ATP
hydrolysis.
B. Vasodilation in the skin reduces heat loss, directly producing
heat.
C. Insensible water loss increases, which raises basal metabolic
rate.
D. Glycogen synthesis reduces heat production, causing fever.
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Shivering engages skeletal muscle contractions
that increase ATP breakdown and metabolic heat
production, a negative-feedback response to raise core
temperature.
• Incorrect (B): Vasodilation increases heat loss rather than
producing heat; it helps lower temperature, not raise it.
• Incorrect (C): Insensible water loss does not significantly
raise metabolic rate; it relates to fluid balance, not heat
generation.
• Incorrect (D): Glycogen synthesis is anabolic and consumes
energy, so it would not explain increased heat production
during fever.
Teaching Point: Shivering increases ATP hydrolysis, raising
metabolic heat to restore body temperature.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3.
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
Stem: A wound is described as being on the left hypochondriac
region. For surgical planning, which adjacent region should the
nurse expect to be directly medial to the wound?
Options:
A. Epigastric region
B. Left lumbar region
C. Umbilical region
D. Right hypochondriac region
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): The epigastric region lies medial to the left
hypochondriac region on the standard nine-region
abdominal map.
• Incorrect (B): The left lumbar region lies inferior to the left
hypochondriac region, not medial.
• Incorrect (C): The umbilical region is central and inferior to
the epigastric region, not directly medial to left
hypochondriac.
• Incorrect (D): The right hypochondriac region is
contralateral, not medial.
Teaching Point: Left hypochondriac region is lateral to the
epigastric region on the abdominal nine-region grid.
