ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A nurse explains to a patient why a wound
infection (involving bacterial colonies and immune cells) can
affect the function of nearby muscle tissue. Which statement
best connects levels of organization to this clinical observation?
A. Cells function independently of tissues, so immune response
will not change muscle strength.
B. Tissue dysfunction from inflammatory cells can impair organ
(muscle) function by altering cellular function.
C. Organs are at a lower level than tissues, so a local infection
cannot affect an organ.
,D. The organism-level activities are unrelated to cellular
processes occurring at the wound site.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): In Scanlon & Sanders, tissues are assemblies of
similar cells; inflammation alters cellular function and
tissue integrity, which can impair organ-level function such
as muscle contraction. This links cellular/tissue changes to
organ function.
• Incorrect (A): Cells are not independent of tissues;
coordinated cell activity forms tissue function.
• Incorrect (C): Organs are higher-level structures composed
of tissues; local tissue changes can and do affect organ
function.
• Incorrect (D): Organism-level activities emerge from
cellular and tissue processes; they are intimately related.
Teaching Point: Tissue-level dysfunction from cellular
changes can impair organ function.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A patient has impaired cellular ATP production
,due to mitochondrial disease. Which clinical consequence best
exemplifies how a cellular-level defect affects organ systems?
A. Reduced ATP increases tissue oxygenation in all organs.
B. Low cellular ATP decreases muscle contractility, causing
generalized weakness.
C. Mitochondrial defects only affect blood cell production and
not muscles.
D. Cellular ATP changes are compensated immediately by organ-
level behavior with no symptoms.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): ATP is required for muscle contraction (cross-
bridge cycling); reduced ATP at the cellular level impairs
muscle contraction, producing systemic weakness—
reflecting levels-of-organization linkage.
• Incorrect (A): Reduced ATP does not increase tissue
oxygenation; often metabolic demand-outcome is
decreased.
• Incorrect (C): Mitochondrial dysfunction affects many cell
types, including muscle cells.
• Incorrect (D): Organ-level compensation is limited; cellular
energy deficits commonly produce clinical symptoms.
Teaching Point: Cellular ATP deficits impair cell and organ
function, often causing muscle weakness.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Question Stem: A postoperative patient develops
hypoventilation and rising arterial CO₂. The nurse recognizes
this stimulates which homeostatic sequence to restore normal
pH?
A. Effector (lung) increases ventilation → control center reduces
CO₂ receptors → receptor senses change.
B. Receptor (chemoreceptors) senses CO₂ rise → control center
(medulla) signals effectors → increased ventilation lowers CO₂.
C. Control center senses pH directly and removes receptors to
stop any response.
D. Effectors (kidneys) immediately secrete bicarbonate to fix pH
before respiratory change.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Negative feedback is described in the chapter:
receptors (central chemoreceptors) detect CO₂/pH
changes, the medulla acts as control center, and effectors
(respiratory muscles) increase ventilation to lower CO₂ and
restore pH.
• Incorrect (A): Sequence is receptor → control center →
effector; the control center does not “reduce receptors.”
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A nurse explains to a patient why a wound
infection (involving bacterial colonies and immune cells) can
affect the function of nearby muscle tissue. Which statement
best connects levels of organization to this clinical observation?
A. Cells function independently of tissues, so immune response
will not change muscle strength.
B. Tissue dysfunction from inflammatory cells can impair organ
(muscle) function by altering cellular function.
C. Organs are at a lower level than tissues, so a local infection
cannot affect an organ.
,D. The organism-level activities are unrelated to cellular
processes occurring at the wound site.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): In Scanlon & Sanders, tissues are assemblies of
similar cells; inflammation alters cellular function and
tissue integrity, which can impair organ-level function such
as muscle contraction. This links cellular/tissue changes to
organ function.
• Incorrect (A): Cells are not independent of tissues;
coordinated cell activity forms tissue function.
• Incorrect (C): Organs are higher-level structures composed
of tissues; local tissue changes can and do affect organ
function.
• Incorrect (D): Organism-level activities emerge from
cellular and tissue processes; they are intimately related.
Teaching Point: Tissue-level dysfunction from cellular
changes can impair organ function.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A patient has impaired cellular ATP production
,due to mitochondrial disease. Which clinical consequence best
exemplifies how a cellular-level defect affects organ systems?
A. Reduced ATP increases tissue oxygenation in all organs.
B. Low cellular ATP decreases muscle contractility, causing
generalized weakness.
C. Mitochondrial defects only affect blood cell production and
not muscles.
D. Cellular ATP changes are compensated immediately by organ-
level behavior with no symptoms.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): ATP is required for muscle contraction (cross-
bridge cycling); reduced ATP at the cellular level impairs
muscle contraction, producing systemic weakness—
reflecting levels-of-organization linkage.
• Incorrect (A): Reduced ATP does not increase tissue
oxygenation; often metabolic demand-outcome is
decreased.
• Incorrect (C): Mitochondrial dysfunction affects many cell
types, including muscle cells.
• Incorrect (D): Organ-level compensation is limited; cellular
energy deficits commonly produce clinical symptoms.
Teaching Point: Cellular ATP deficits impair cell and organ
function, often causing muscle weakness.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3)
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Question Stem: A postoperative patient develops
hypoventilation and rising arterial CO₂. The nurse recognizes
this stimulates which homeostatic sequence to restore normal
pH?
A. Effector (lung) increases ventilation → control center reduces
CO₂ receptors → receptor senses change.
B. Receptor (chemoreceptors) senses CO₂ rise → control center
(medulla) signals effectors → increased ventilation lowers CO₂.
C. Control center senses pH directly and removes receptors to
stop any response.
D. Effectors (kidneys) immediately secrete bicarbonate to fix pH
before respiratory change.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Negative feedback is described in the chapter:
receptors (central chemoreceptors) detect CO₂/pH
changes, the medulla acts as control center, and effectors
(respiratory muscles) increase ventilation to lower CO₂ and
restore pH.
• Incorrect (A): Sequence is receptor → control center →
effector; the control center does not “reduce receptors.”
