ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A patient arrives after a crushing hand injury. As the
nurse explains the injury cascade to the patient’s family, which
statement best demonstrates correct understanding of the
levels of organization relevant to tissue repair?
A. “Organs are made of many organ systems working
independently to repair the hand.”
B. “Cells in the damaged area interact to form tissues, and
tissues cooperate to restore organ function.”
C. “Molecules directly replace whole tissues without needing
,cellular processes.”
D. “Organ systems repair themselves first, then cells regenerate
to rebuild tissues.”
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Cellular activities (proliferation,
migration) produce and organize extracellular material to
rebuild tissues, and tissue-level restoration supports organ
function — a hierarchical, integrated process described by
Scanlon & Sanders.
Rationale — A: Organs are constructed from tissues, and organ
systems are collections of organs; they do not act
independently to repair a single organ.
Rationale — C: Molecules are building blocks but cannot
directly reconstitute tissues without cellular processes.
Rationale — D: Repair begins at the cellular/tissue level; organ-
system recovery follows restoration of component tissues.
Teaching Point: Tissue repair emerges from coordinated cellular
activity within hierarchical body organization.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
,Stem: A nurse is explaining why a malfunctioning
mitochondrion in cardiac myocytes can cause whole-heart
dysfunction. Which explanation best links organelle dysfunction
to organ-level failure?
A. “Organelles only affect cell shape, not organ function.”
B. “Mitochondrial ATP shortage reduces myocyte contractility,
impairing the heart’s pumping ability.”
C. “If one organelle fails, neighboring organs immediately stop
functioning.”
D. “Mitochondria fail only in skeletal muscle and do not affect
cardiac tissue.”
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Mitochondria produce ATP;
insufficient ATP in cardiomyocytes decreases contractile force,
reducing organ (heart) output — illustrating how subcellular
dysfunction scales up.
Rationale — A: Organelles are essential for cell function; their
failure changes cell physiology and thus organ behavior.
Rationale — C: Organ failure is not immediate from one
organelle failure in a single cell; dysfunction propagates through
many cells/tissues.
Rationale — D: Mitochondrial dysfunction affects any cell
reliant on oxidative ATP production, including cardiac muscle.
Teaching Point: Organelle-level ATP deficits can impair cellular
contractility and organ function.
, Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A postoperative patient has decreased urine output and
rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Using A&P principles, which
homeostatic mechanism most directly explains the kidneys’ role
in maintaining blood composition?
A. Kidneys act as effectors that adjust filtrate formation to
balance internal environment.
B. Kidneys generate electrical signals to reset the body’s set
point.
C. Kidneys are the primary receptors detecting temperature
change.
D. Kidneys release insulin to reduce BUN.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale — Correct (A): Kidneys are effectors in fluid and
electrolyte homeostasis: by altering glomerular filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion they correct blood composition
deviations.
Rationale — B: Kidneys do not generate electrical signals to
change set points; endocrine and neural control centers
modulate set points.
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A patient arrives after a crushing hand injury. As the
nurse explains the injury cascade to the patient’s family, which
statement best demonstrates correct understanding of the
levels of organization relevant to tissue repair?
A. “Organs are made of many organ systems working
independently to repair the hand.”
B. “Cells in the damaged area interact to form tissues, and
tissues cooperate to restore organ function.”
C. “Molecules directly replace whole tissues without needing
,cellular processes.”
D. “Organ systems repair themselves first, then cells regenerate
to rebuild tissues.”
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Cellular activities (proliferation,
migration) produce and organize extracellular material to
rebuild tissues, and tissue-level restoration supports organ
function — a hierarchical, integrated process described by
Scanlon & Sanders.
Rationale — A: Organs are constructed from tissues, and organ
systems are collections of organs; they do not act
independently to repair a single organ.
Rationale — C: Molecules are building blocks but cannot
directly reconstitute tissues without cellular processes.
Rationale — D: Repair begins at the cellular/tissue level; organ-
system recovery follows restoration of component tissues.
Teaching Point: Tissue repair emerges from coordinated cellular
activity within hierarchical body organization.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
,Stem: A nurse is explaining why a malfunctioning
mitochondrion in cardiac myocytes can cause whole-heart
dysfunction. Which explanation best links organelle dysfunction
to organ-level failure?
A. “Organelles only affect cell shape, not organ function.”
B. “Mitochondrial ATP shortage reduces myocyte contractility,
impairing the heart’s pumping ability.”
C. “If one organelle fails, neighboring organs immediately stop
functioning.”
D. “Mitochondria fail only in skeletal muscle and do not affect
cardiac tissue.”
Correct Answer: B
Rationale — Correct (B): Mitochondria produce ATP;
insufficient ATP in cardiomyocytes decreases contractile force,
reducing organ (heart) output — illustrating how subcellular
dysfunction scales up.
Rationale — A: Organelles are essential for cell function; their
failure changes cell physiology and thus organ behavior.
Rationale — C: Organ failure is not immediate from one
organelle failure in a single cell; dysfunction propagates through
many cells/tissues.
Rationale — D: Mitochondrial dysfunction affects any cell
reliant on oxidative ATP production, including cardiac muscle.
Teaching Point: Organelle-level ATP deficits can impair cellular
contractility and organ function.
, Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A postoperative patient has decreased urine output and
rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Using A&P principles, which
homeostatic mechanism most directly explains the kidneys’ role
in maintaining blood composition?
A. Kidneys act as effectors that adjust filtrate formation to
balance internal environment.
B. Kidneys generate electrical signals to reset the body’s set
point.
C. Kidneys are the primary receptors detecting temperature
change.
D. Kidneys release insulin to reduce BUN.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale — Correct (A): Kidneys are effectors in fluid and
electrolyte homeostasis: by altering glomerular filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion they correct blood composition
deviations.
Rationale — B: Kidneys do not generate electrical signals to
change set points; endocrine and neural control centers
modulate set points.
