A4M EXAM 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to kill microorganism.
Nontoxic and does not cause microbial resistance. Useful for
treatment of intracellular organisms. Answer: Olive leaf extract
◉ Rate of secretion of PSA from prostate / day? Answer: 0.07 ng /
mL
◉ Mineral responsible for increasing renal intra-glomerular
pressure and decreasing arterial compliance Answer: Sodium
◉ How much does potassium decrease BP? Answer: Supplementing
potassium 60-120 mEG day may decrease SBP / DBP by 4/2.5 mm
HG
◉ Actions of Magnesium on BP: are Answer: - Acts as a calcium
channel blocker
- Regulates insulin sensitivity
- Regulates pH
- Increases arterial compliance via endothelial vasodilatation
,◉ T or F: omega-6 fatty acids decrease blood pressure Answer: False
(although may indirectly affect BP through effects on saturated fatty
acids)
◉ Recommended intake of calcium to reduce HTN Answer: > 800 mg
/ day may reduce incidence of HTN
◉ T or F: soy protein decreases blood pressure and increases
arterial compliance Answer: True; recommended in fermented form;
30-40 gm / day for hypertensive individuals
◉ T or F: omega-9 fatty acids found in olive oil have beneficial effects
on both blood pressure and cholesterol Answer: True
◉ Effects of garlic on HTN Answer: garlic acts as a natural ACE-I,
CCB and increases arterial compliance via increase of NO production
◉ T or F: The gamma isomer of Vitamin E is more potent than the
alpha isomer in lipid lowering effects Answer: True
◉ Most potent B vitamin; lowers blood pressure via multiple
mechanisms Answer: Vitamin B6. Increases bioavailability of coA
and decreases cholesterol synthesis. Also reduces oxLDL. Increases
HDL, reduces LDL and triglycerides.
,◉ T or F: There is strong evidence for Guggul in treatment of
cholesterol Answer: False
◉ T or F: Niacin is the most effective currently known agent for
increasing HDL Answer: True
◉ Which infectious agents have been linked to development of MS
plaques in brain? Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
◉ T or F: 20% of MS patients have been shown to have gluten
sensitivity Answer: True
◉ What pharmaceutical / nutriceutical agents have been shown to
be helpful in treatment of MS? Answer: Alpha lipoic acid;
minocycline; doxycycline; memantine; NAC; Vitamin B12;
phosphatidyl serine; Coenzyme Q10; HRT with estrogen / estriol;
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
◉ What are the risk factors for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (rupture
of cerebral aneurysm)? Answer: Hypertension; smoking; oral
contraceptive usage; usage of stimulants
◉ What is the mechanism of action of migraine headache? Answer:
Extreme cerebral vasoconstriction followed by vaso-dilatation
, ◉ Which neuro-transmitter deficiencies have been implicated in the
development of migraine headaches? Answer: GABA and serotonin
◉ T or F: thymectomy is recommended for treatment of myasthenia
gravis Answer: False; current evidence does not support thymus
removal due to risks of surgery and lack of evidence; however, 70%
of patients with myasthenia gravis have thymus hypertrophy and
10-15% have thymomas. IVIG may be helpful for management of
myasthenia gravis.
◉ T or F: many of the pharmacologic treatment options for
demential increase homocysteine levels, which may directly
contribute to cognitive decline Answer: T
◉ T or F: consumption of milk > 16 oz / day over a 30 year time
period leads to a 230% increased risk of Alzheimer's disease
Answer: T
◉ Which areas of the brain are affected in a SPECT scan of a patient
with Alzheimer's disease? Answer: Posterior cingulate gyrus;
parietal and temporal lobes
◉ What area of the brain is affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with
Lewy Body dementia? Answer: Occipital lobe
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to kill microorganism.
Nontoxic and does not cause microbial resistance. Useful for
treatment of intracellular organisms. Answer: Olive leaf extract
◉ Rate of secretion of PSA from prostate / day? Answer: 0.07 ng /
mL
◉ Mineral responsible for increasing renal intra-glomerular
pressure and decreasing arterial compliance Answer: Sodium
◉ How much does potassium decrease BP? Answer: Supplementing
potassium 60-120 mEG day may decrease SBP / DBP by 4/2.5 mm
HG
◉ Actions of Magnesium on BP: are Answer: - Acts as a calcium
channel blocker
- Regulates insulin sensitivity
- Regulates pH
- Increases arterial compliance via endothelial vasodilatation
,◉ T or F: omega-6 fatty acids decrease blood pressure Answer: False
(although may indirectly affect BP through effects on saturated fatty
acids)
◉ Recommended intake of calcium to reduce HTN Answer: > 800 mg
/ day may reduce incidence of HTN
◉ T or F: soy protein decreases blood pressure and increases
arterial compliance Answer: True; recommended in fermented form;
30-40 gm / day for hypertensive individuals
◉ T or F: omega-9 fatty acids found in olive oil have beneficial effects
on both blood pressure and cholesterol Answer: True
◉ Effects of garlic on HTN Answer: garlic acts as a natural ACE-I,
CCB and increases arterial compliance via increase of NO production
◉ T or F: The gamma isomer of Vitamin E is more potent than the
alpha isomer in lipid lowering effects Answer: True
◉ Most potent B vitamin; lowers blood pressure via multiple
mechanisms Answer: Vitamin B6. Increases bioavailability of coA
and decreases cholesterol synthesis. Also reduces oxLDL. Increases
HDL, reduces LDL and triglycerides.
,◉ T or F: There is strong evidence for Guggul in treatment of
cholesterol Answer: False
◉ T or F: Niacin is the most effective currently known agent for
increasing HDL Answer: True
◉ Which infectious agents have been linked to development of MS
plaques in brain? Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
◉ T or F: 20% of MS patients have been shown to have gluten
sensitivity Answer: True
◉ What pharmaceutical / nutriceutical agents have been shown to
be helpful in treatment of MS? Answer: Alpha lipoic acid;
minocycline; doxycycline; memantine; NAC; Vitamin B12;
phosphatidyl serine; Coenzyme Q10; HRT with estrogen / estriol;
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
◉ What are the risk factors for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (rupture
of cerebral aneurysm)? Answer: Hypertension; smoking; oral
contraceptive usage; usage of stimulants
◉ What is the mechanism of action of migraine headache? Answer:
Extreme cerebral vasoconstriction followed by vaso-dilatation
, ◉ Which neuro-transmitter deficiencies have been implicated in the
development of migraine headaches? Answer: GABA and serotonin
◉ T or F: thymectomy is recommended for treatment of myasthenia
gravis Answer: False; current evidence does not support thymus
removal due to risks of surgery and lack of evidence; however, 70%
of patients with myasthenia gravis have thymus hypertrophy and
10-15% have thymomas. IVIG may be helpful for management of
myasthenia gravis.
◉ T or F: many of the pharmacologic treatment options for
demential increase homocysteine levels, which may directly
contribute to cognitive decline Answer: T
◉ T or F: consumption of milk > 16 oz / day over a 30 year time
period leads to a 230% increased risk of Alzheimer's disease
Answer: T
◉ Which areas of the brain are affected in a SPECT scan of a patient
with Alzheimer's disease? Answer: Posterior cingulate gyrus;
parietal and temporal lobes
◉ What area of the brain is affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with
Lewy Body dementia? Answer: Occipital lobe
